Utensils and accessories – 器物与饰物 / part 3

 

                              Fig 9.13

9.13. 喇叭口形管状玉饰

高 12cm，上管口直径 9cm，下管口直径 6.8cm。

青玉，有黑色条纹，表面有灰皮、蚀孔。

其造型为一喇叭口形管状玉饰，管上端大孔外侧每 120 度饰一女子，三女形同。女子之双手握于管口，身体吊于管之外侧，双腿后弯，臀部及双足贴于管壁。五官皆以浅浮雕饰出，水滴状双目，直鼻，大嘴，嘴角上弯呈微笑状，双乳发达，应是女祖之形象。玉管下方以打窪法饰三道旋纹。此器整体造型优美、端庄。加工难度大，工艺水平高。

9.13 Bell-shaped ornament

 High: 12cm, the upper caliber: 9cm, the lower caliber: 6.8cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive gray surface and black stripes.

It is a bell-shaped tubular ornament. Three same female statues were evenly distributed around the upper tube mouth. They hang on the upper edge of outside the tube with hands holding the edge and back of the body affix to the wall of the tube. The shape of the women is: drop-shaped eyes, straight nose, up curved lips, smiling like, and plump breasts. They should be the images of ancestress. There are three ring-shaped high relief patterns on the lower part of the tube. The overall shape of the ornament is beautiful, dignified, and it has difficult process and high level of technology.

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                               Fig 9.14

9.14 – 三孔器

长15.5cm，高3.5cm，厚1.5cm。

青玉，质优，有棕红沁色，玉声清悠。

造型与《中国玉器全集》第一集中三孔器相似。三孔横向排列，两端各饰一相同形状的兽头，似猪头。三孔均为对钻孔，两面都有锥度，其底面平直，沿底面中心线有一弧形凹槽。由此推知，它是一件镶嵌器。

9.14. Three-hole device

Length: 15.5cm, high: 3.5cm, thickness: 1.5cm.

It is made of high quality sapphire with corrosive reddish brown markings, and crisp percussion.

Its shape is:  three bifacial drilling holes lined in horizontal direction, and the top in wave-shape, the bottom flat. Each end of it was decorated with a same shaped pig head, and a longitudinal groove was carved along the center line of the bottom, it indicated that it is an embedded device. Its shape is similar to the three-hole device in the book 1 of “The Complete Works of Chinese Jade” Fig23.

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                                     Fig 9.15

9.15 –  狼头仗首

长6.3cm，高3cm，厚2.3cm。

黄玉，玉质温润，有灰皮及棕色沁色，有蚀斑、蚀孔。

其造型为一管状狼头，两端，即狼之口部与颈端呈斜口形，玉管之两侧中间有对钻圆孔。狼首形为：双目呈环形高凸，一双尖耳立于头顶两侧，张大嘴，鼻部饰有三道瓦沟纹，形象生动。此管状狼头用做权杖顶端之玉饰，称为杖首。两侧之圆孔作为加固之用。

9.15 – Wolf head-shaped mace top

 Length: 6.3cm, high: 3cm, thickness: 2.3cm.

It is made of topaz with corrosive gray skin and pits.

It is a tubular wolf head, one end of the tube is wolf’s mouth, the other end is the wolf’s neck, and both of end surfaces are oblique incisions. The shape of the wolf’s head is: convex round eyes, a pair of pointed ears stands on both sides of the head, big opened mouth, and upturned nose, three groove patterns were decorated on the bridge of the nose. It is a vivid image. This ornament is used as the mace decoration; it is set on the top of the mace, known as the “mace top”. There are two holes on both sides of the tube used as reinforcement.

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                                  Fig 9.16

9.16 – 双云纹带饰

长5.7cm，宽4cm，厚1.8cm，孔长4cm，孔高0.6cm。

墨玉，土沁，有蚀斑，蜡状光泽。

其造型为一长方形带饰，正面饰一对“工”字形云纹珮，左右纹饰对称，以浅浮雕及减地法饰出，反面平光。在其两面之间有一扁孔，可穿在腰带上。此带饰上的云纹佩即是黄帝族缙云氏的图腾标识。

9.16 – Buckle decorated with double cloud patterns

Length: 5.7cm, width: 4cm, thickness: 1,8cm. There is a flat square-shaped buckle hole at the middle, its length is 4cm and its high is 0.6cm.

It is made of high quality black jade with corrosive brown markings and pits.

It is a rectangular-shaped buckle; it was decorated with a pair of cloud-pendant on its front surface, the shape of the cloud-pendants is same as the cloud-pendant showed in Fig 9.1. The hollow, bas-relief and reduction methods were used in engraving of the decorations. It was used for the ornament of the waist belt. This kind of cloud pattern was a mark of clan’s totem (see the explanation of fig 9.1).

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                                      Fig 9.17

 9.17 – 饰神兽纹玉镯

外径8.5cm，内径6.8cm，高2.6cm。

白玉，有原始的黑色涂料和腐蚀层。俗称黑皮玉。

造型为一圆形镯，其外侧饰有三个浮雕兽面纹，其形象与新石器时期的良诸文化兽面纹相同，但工艺和玉料不同。黑皮玉属于泛红山文化玉器，主要分布于现在的辽西和内蒙地区，是一万四千年前的礼器和祭祀器，玉镯所饰的兽面纹是东夷族豕韦氏的图腾标识。此玉镯证明良渚文化是泛红山文化的继承，这种传承包含了氏族的传承，宗教的传承和玉文化的传承。

9.17 – Bracelet decorated with animal mask

The outer diameter: 8.5cm, the inner diameter: 6.8cm, high: 2.6cm.

It is made of white jade with the original black paint and corrosive layer, known as “black shell jade”.

Its shape is a circle bracelet with straight inner and outer wall. There are three same shaped relief animal masks evenly decorated on the outer wall. The black-shell jade works belong to Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group. 14,000 years ago, the black-shell jade is sacrificial device. The shape of the animal mask is same as the typical animal mask on the Liangzhu cultural emblem during Neolithic period, the original of the emblem is the Shiwei clan totem, Shiwei clan belongs to the Donyi family. Therefore we know that the original Liangzhu animal mask was the inheritance of Pan-Hongshan culture. It includes the inheritance of the clan, the religious inheritance and the jade cultural inheritance.

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                       9.18

9.18 – 锥形坠

长 8.5cm。

熊胆青玉，质优，棕红沁色。

造型为一锥形坠，其顶端饰一猪龙，做为手把。猪龙环目、翘鼻、弧形双耳、颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿，锥形如梭，顶端尖锐，可能是点穴用实用器。

9.18 – Conical pendant

 Length: 8.5cm.

It is made of high quality bile-colored jade with reddish brown markings.

It is a conical pendant; a pig dragon was decorated on the backend as a handle. The shape of the pig dragon is: ring-shaped eyes, upturned nose, curved ears, coiled body, and its tail attached to its head. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole back of its neck. The pendant has an acuminate leading end, it may be a useful device, such as be used for acupuncture treatment.

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Utensils and accessories – 器物与饰物 (part 2)

Utensils and accessories – 器物与饰物 (part 2)

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                                   Fig 9.7

9.7. 三孔刀形佩

长5.8cm，高3.5cm，厚1.4cm。

青玉，质优，有灰皮，棕红沁色。

其造型为一梯形三孔刀，其刃部呈凸弧形，刃钝，其脊部两侧均减地，在减地部分均匀分布三个对钻斜孔；刀之纵断面呈矛头形。脊部减地的目的在于将刀背嵌牢在刀柄上，然后在三孔的位置加穿钉或绳索加固。三孔刀或七孔刀是夏、商常见的玉、石器，由此可见泛红山文化的深远影响。

 

9.7. Stepped Knife with three holes

 

Length: 5.8cm, high: 3.5cm, thickness: 1.4cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive reddish brown and gray markings.

The shape of the knife is flat trapezoidal like with three bifacial drilling slant holes at its upper part, and both sides of the upper edge were cut lower than the surfaces and formed a horizontal convex tenon, so called stepped knife, the three holes were evenly arranged on the tenon, the purpose of making the tenon is to insert the knife into the wooden handle tightly. This kind of jade knifes with three or seven perforations were common ritual devices in Xia and Shang Dynasty, it reflected the far-reaching impact of the Pan-Hongshan culture.

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                                        Fig 9.8

9.8. 蟹螯形玦

长6cm，缺口长4.5cm，最厚0.5cm。

青玉，大部分呈黄褐色沁色，表面有灰皮，蚀纹，蚀孔。

其造型为一螃蟹螯形玦。中间较厚，边缘部减薄。缺口呈 “一”字形，缺口之内端为一对钻漏斗形孔。新石器时期江浙一带的良渚文化及台湾的卑南文化均有与此类似的玉玦，所以泛红山文化是中国东南沿海一带新石器时期文化的重要源头。

• 9.8  Pincer-shaped Jue

Length: 6cm, maximum thickness: 0.5cm, the length of the slot: 4.5cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive brown skin and pits.

It is a flake pincer-shaped pendant named Jue (a ring with a slot). Its peripheral edge was thinned into blade like. There is a bifacial drilling funnel-shaped hole at the end of the slot. There were many similar to this kind of Jue pendants during the Neolithic period; they were mainly distributed in southeast coast of China, such as Liangzhu cultural area in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the Beinan cultural area in Taiwan, They derived from the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade.

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                                           Fig 9.9

9.9. 神人柄圭

长14.5厘米，宽4.6厘米。厚0.5厘米。

青玉，又黑斑，棕、红、黄等沁色，有灰皮蚀斑、蚀纹。

造型为一有柄的玉圭，柄形为一个头生大角的神人。圭体上方饰有四道凸弦纹。神人形为：蹲姿，面朝前，水滴状双目，“一”字形口。头顶戴高冠，头顶两侧生一双大角。双手置于膝上。圭体中间厚边缘减薄。此圭设计奇特、美观，工艺精湛。此圭一侧的蚀纹与沁色构成了一幅美妙的风景画。画中可见起伏的山峦，蜿蜒的小路，葱郁的林木等，可谓鬼斧神工，绝妙佳作。商周时期的琬圭源于此。

• 9.9 Gui with the alien shaped handle

Length: 14.5cm, width: 4.6cm, thickness: 0.5cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive brown, red, black, and yellow markings and pits.

This modeling is a Gui with a handle (Gui is a rectangular plaque used for ritual device). This Gui basically is rectangular but curved corners. The shape of the handle is an alien with a pair of big horns. The upper part of the Gui were decorated four relief horizontal lines, and the peripheral edge of it was chamfered. The shape of the alien is: squatting, drop-shaped eyes, facing front, closed mouth, wearing a high crown, a pair of big horns on the both sides of head, and hands on laps. The design of this Gui is fantastic, beautiful and exquisite workmanship, and the corrosive colorful surface naturally formed a wonderful landscape painting, it can be seen the rolling hills, winding paths, lush forests, etc. A kind of Gui named Wangui used in Shang and Zhou dynasties was followed this form which has curved corners.

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                            Fig 9.10

• 9.10 云纹冠

通高13.4cm，底部呈椭圆形，长轴6.2cm，短轴5.5cm。顶部斜切口椭圆长轴9cm，短轴8cm。灰绿玉，有灰皮，蚀斑，蚀孔。玉声清脆。

其造型为一椭圆简形玉冠，顶端为一斜口，前低，后高，呈倒置马蹄形，故称马蹄形玉冠。筒壁很薄，不足2mm。筒壁外侧饰浅浮雕宽边卷云纹。下端边沿两侧各有一锥形孔。上边沿后面内侧有三道纵向凹槽。

此玉冠用法是将头发编好后，从玉冠的下端穿入，斜口朝前，直立于头顶，然后将头发从斜口上端披向脑后，再用一簪穿过下边沿两侧之小孔以固定。

• 9.10 Crown with moire decorations

High 13.4cm, the bottom is in oval-shape, the long axis is 6.2cm; the short axis is 5.5cm. The top is an oblique incision in ellipse shape, its long axis is 9cm and the short axis is 8cm.

It is made of celadon with corrosive gray skin and crisp percussion.

It is tubular-shaped crown with an oval-shaped oblique incision on the top. The front of it is lower, and the back of it is higher, the overall shape is an inverted horseshoe like. The cylinder wall is thin, less than 2mm. Outside of the cylinder wall was decorated with bas-relief wide moires. There two slant holes on each side of the cylinder near the bottom, and three vertical grooves on the inside back wall.

The way to use the crown is that: braided the hair then penetrated it from the bottom to the top of the tube, to put the crown upright on the head, and the oblique incision face forward, and then hang on the hair to the back over the top of back wall of the tube, at last to use a hairpin penetrating the two holes on the lower of the tube to secure.

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                                         Fig 11

 

• 9.11 人面纹玉枕

长 24cm，高 9.5cm，宽 9.7cm。

青玉，有灰皮及蚀斑。

玉枕呈船形，两侧各饰一人面形纹饰，其形为双目上挑蚕形眉，蒜头鼻，大口微张。人面两侧饰弦纹，皆以浅浮雕及打窪技法饰出，中空，四壁厚薄均匀。此人面纹玉枕在泛红山文化玉器中具有典型性。

•  9.11 Pillow decorated with human face

 Length: 24cm, high: 9.5cm, width: 9.7cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive gray skin and pits.

It is a boat-shaped pillow decorated with the same human face on each side. It was hollowed inside, and uniform thickness walls. The shape of the human face is: drop-shaped eyes sloping upward, silkworm-shaped eyebrow, garlic-shaped nose, and big mouth slightly open. There are three curved groove patterns on each side of the human face. The relief and depression techniques were used to the surface decorations. This is a typical jade pillow of the Pan-Hongshan culture.

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                               Fig 9.12

• 9.12  琮

高16cm，上口径9cm，下口径7.7cm，中部方柱形琮体边长9cm。

黄绿玉，带有黑色斑纹，表面侵蚀较重。有棕色沁色及大面积的蚀斑和蚀孔。放大镜下可见蚀孔中有可溶性盐类所析出的透明及半透明晶体。

此琮造型与良渚文化玉琮基本相同，即外方，内圆，下端较细，上端较粗。其差别首先是方柱形琮体与上、下圆形沿口部分的比例不同。此琮上、下沿均呈圆筒形，高均为5cm，方柱形琮体高6cm。而良渚文化玉琮圆形沿口部分高度很小，其次是表面纹饰及加工方法不同。良渚文化玉琮常在方柱形琮体部分饰以精雕细刻的纹饰，而此琮在上、下圆形沿口部分及方柱形琮体部分的外表面均以打洼及磨制方法构成瓦沟状弦纹，且上、下沿口外迤，表面通体光滑无线刻纹饰，内壁也磨制光滑无棱坎。

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• 9.12 Cong

 High: 16cm, the upper caliber: 9cm, the lower caliber: 7.7cm, the cross-section of its body is square-shaped, and the edge length of the square is 9cm.

It is made of topaz with corrosive brown markings, surface erosion is heavy, and large area of corrosive plaques and pits.

Its shape is essentially the same as the Liangzhu cultural jade Cong articles; that is: square body, round hole, the body is tapered, the lower caliber smaller and the upper caliber bigger. The first difference is the proportion of the heights of the square column Cong body to the upper and lower cylindrical mouths; it is a larger proportion of the upper and lower cylindrical height, and the smaller proportion of the square column Cong body height, and the Liangzhu cultural Congs were opposite with it. Followed by is the different of the ornamentation and the different processing methods. The Liangzhu cultural Congs often were decorated density fine carved decorations on the square column Cong body, while the Pan-Hongshan cultural Cong often is plain or only the grooves or relief patterns decorated on the body. This Cong was decorated with groove patterns on the upper and lower cylinders, and the relief round ridge patterns on the square column body, and the inside wall was polished smooth. The depressing, grinding and polishing methods were used in the processing.

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Utensils and accessories – 器物与饰物 (part 1)

九．器物与饰物

泛红山文化玉群中的器物和饰物可谓洋洋大观，其品类之多，制作之精，造型之美在世界考古文化中独占鳌头 。迄今发现的新时期时期的中华考古文化玉器，商、周时期的文化玉器以及环太平洋文化区的玉石类器物几乎都可在泛红山文化玉群中找到它们的原型。这表明泛红山文化是中华文明和环太平洋地区文明的重要源头。

雕塑艺术属于社会上层建筑的范畴，它是与经济基础相适应的。高水平的艺术是建立在高水平的经济基础之上的。泛红山文化玉群中有众多器物，如礼仪器，兵器，生产工具，科技用品，和美化生活的装饰品等。如此众多的精美器物向人民展示了一个真实的远古文明社会。

9. Utensils and accessories

Among the pan-Hongshan cultural jade group, the objects and ornaments can be described as grand everything, as much as its category, its exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful shapes should be the champion in the world. So far the archaeological discovery of early cultural jade objects in different historic period and different area, such as Neolithic period, Shang and Zhou period in China and the Pacific Rim areas can be found their original prototypes in Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group. It shows that the Pan-Hongshan culture is an important source of the Chinese civilization and the Pacific Rim civilization.

Sculptural art belongs to the category of social superstructure; it is compatible with the economic foundation. A high level of art is created in high level of economic foundation. There are many kinds of jade articles in Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group, such as ceremonial devices, weapons, tools of production, technology devices, and decorations to beautify life and so on. So many beautiful objects show to the people a real ancient civilization.

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                                        Fig 9.1

9.1. 勾云形佩

长22.2cm，宽13.3cm，最厚0.8cm。

青玉，棕红沁色，有蚀斑、蚀孔。放大镜下可见蚀孔中有再生晶体。

其造型为一双面雕云形珮，两面纹饰相同。其轮廓形如一缩头伸足之海龟，其中部为一旋涡状勾云纹，纹饰以镂空及打洼法饰出。其上边中央有一对钻斜孔。周边均减薄成钝刃状。在泛红山文化玉器中有多种形状的勾云形佩，此佩是最普遍的一种，它是黄帝族的一支“缙云氏”的图腾。

• 9.1 Cloud pendant

Length: 22.2cm, width: 13.3cm, maximum thickness: 0.8cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive brownish red markings and pits, the regenerated crystals can be seen in pits under the magnifying glass lens.

This is a flake ornament with the same decoration on both sides, the shape of the ornament looks like cloud, so called “cloud pendant”, there are many different kind of the cloud pendants in the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group, and this kind is the most popular one. It is the totem of one of the branch of Yellow emperor’s family. The shape of its outline looks like a sea turtle which shrank its head and stretched its feet, and a spiral-shaped hook on the middle. The hollow and the depression methods were used in engraving of the decorations. There is a slant-hole drilling on the middle of the top, and both of the inner and outer peripheral edges are chamfered into blunt blade like.

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                                            Fig 9.2

•  9.2 三联璧

长 7.3cm。

青玉，质优，棕黄沁色，腊状光泽。

造型为一斧形片状玉，周边减薄，自两侧边缘切割三对缺口。此斧形玉自上而下分为三部分，每部分中间有一对钻圆孔，即成三璧相连状。此三联璧造型古朴，沁色很美。新石器时期，中国东北的红山文化玉器和江淮地区的文化玉器都继承了这种形式的三联璧。

• 9.2 Triple Bi disk

Length: 7.3cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive brown markings, and wax-like luster.

It is flake ax-shaped pendant with the chamfered peripheral. Two pair of cutting gaps on both sides divided it into three parts, and a hole at the middle of each part, thus formed the shape of three connected Bi pieces. It is the oldest fashion of the triple Bi disk and it has natural beautiful corrosive colored skin. During the Neolithic period, this kind of Triple Bi disk had been continued in North China and South China.

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                                   Fig 9.3

• 9.3 戚璧（璇玑）

最大直径7cm，孔径0.8cm。灰绿玉，有棕红沁色、蚀斑及蚀孔。

其造型为一戚璧,或称璇玑。周边有三个突齿，各占120º,每个突齿中间饰有两组细齿，每组三齿。戚璧中心有一对钻圆孔。璇玑是古代用于观测天文现象的仪器。中国史书《尚书.舜典》有相关的记载。

• 9.3 Qi Bi disk (or Xuanji) pendant

Maximum diameter: 7cm, the aperture: 0.8cm.

It is made of celadon with corrosive reddish brown markings and pits.The shape of the Qi Bi is: three convex protrusions around the peripheral, each of them occupied a span of120 degree and decorated with two sets of teeth on each span, each set three teeth. There is a bifacial hole at the middle of the disk. It was the instrument used for observing astronomical phenomena in ancient time. The related records can be found in the Chinese history book “Shangshu. Shundian”.

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                                              Fig 9.4 

• 9.4 瓦状玉饰

玉饰轮廓略呈梯形，以有孔的一边为上底，则其外形尺寸为：上底长3厘米，下底长4.6厘，腰长分别为6厘米与4.7厘米。

灰绿色翠玉，棕色沁色，玻璃光泽。

造型为片状，上凸下凹，上端内钩，端面有一对钻孔。上表面饰五道纵向瓦沟纹，下表面磨制平光。这种瓦片形玉饰在泛红山文化期间制作很多，其延续时间也很久，直至夏家店下层文化还有此类玉饰出土。这件玉饰玉质优良，造型美观，工艺精湛。

• 9.4 Tile-shaped pendant

 

The outline of the pendant is in trapezoidal shape. The length of the upper bottom is 3cm, and the lower bottom is 4.6cm; the waist lengths are 6cm and 4.7cm respectively.

It is made of gray-green jade with corrosive brown markings and shiny glass luster.

It is a camber-shaped pendant, convex upper surface, and concave lower surface. The upper bottom is bended downward with a hole on it. The upper surface was decorated with five longitudinal grooves; the lower surface was grinded flat. This kind of tile-shaped jade pendant was produced many during the Pan-Hongshan cultural period, and continued for a long time, until the Shang dynasty. This pendant is in beautiful shape, and exquisite workmanship.

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                      Fig 9.5

• 9.5 饰龙、鹰钺

高 6.5cm，宽 3cm，最厚 1.3cm。

墨玉，有灰皮。

造型为一钺，其一面饰浮雕鹰，斧上端有一猪龙盘于其上，猪龙首尾相对成玦状，其形为环目、竖耳、噘嘴、颈后有一牛鼻穿。鹰略展翅，轮廓呈方形。此钺所饰之鹰是东夷族的主图腾；猪龙是普遍的护身符。此坠饰是东夷首领权利的象征。

 

• 9.5  Yue decorated with eagle and pig dragon

High: 6.5cm, width: 3cm, thickness: 1.3cm.

It is made of black jade with corrosive gray skin.

The Yue is a kind of weapon or ceremonial devise, it is similar to axe, but its volume bigger. The shape of this Yue is: convex curved blade, concave curved waist and flat upper edge. One side of it was decorated with a relief eagle which slightly spread wings, and a pig dragon was decorated on the top which is similar to the pig dragon showed in Fig 2.2. The eagle decorated on the Yue is the main totem of the Dong Yi nationality; the pig dragon is the popular emulate. This modeling is the symbol of the rights of the Dong Yi clan.

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                                       Fig 9.6

9.6. 龙头柄斧

斧刃弧线长 8cm，高 5.5cm。

此器全沁呈棕红色，有灰皮，原玉质不辨。

造型为月牙状斧身及龙头形斧柄。龙头与三星他拉“C”形玉龙之龙头相似。龙耳处有一对钻斜孔，可供佩带。在新石器时期，与此类似形状的石斧广泛地应用于良渚文化区，这表明良渚文化先民也是泛红山文化的继承者。

• 9.6 Axe with a dragon head handle 

The blade arc length: 8cm, high: 5.5cm.

The surface of the axe is covered by corrosive brownish red and gray markings; the raw jade is not discernible.

This shape of the axe is triangular like with crescent-shaped blade and dragon head-shaped handle. The shape of the dragon head is similar to the C-shaped dragon’s head in Fig2.1.The triangular-shaped stone axe were widely used in the Liangzhu cultural area during the Neolithic period, it indicated that the Liangzhu ancestors also inherited a part of the Pan-Hongshan culture.

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外星生命 – Extraterrestrial living bodies

                                         八．外星生命

 

在泛红山文化玉群中，令人感到十分惊异的是其中占相当比例的一部分外星生命体造型的玉器。这些生命体呈现出多种多样的形式，有的似人，有的似兽类、鸟类或昆虫，还有不同物种的融合或组合形式。它们的出现更使得泛红山文化玉群在史前文化中独具特色，在世界范围内的考古文化中也是一大奇观。泛红山文化玉群中如此众多形象生动、制作精巧的外星生命造型不会是原始先民的臆造，事实上它们是与当时的原始宗教相关的造型，或有其真实的背景。

融合体的造型在泛红山文化玉群中所占的比例相当大，多种不同生物的融合造型也是泛红山文化玉群的突出特点，它自然会使人们联想到：有部分的外星人它们掌握了遗传基因的改造技术， 可将不同物种融合为一体，也可将外星生命和地球生命融合为一体。所以很多融合体造型不一定是从外星而来，它们可能是实验室的产物。而这些融合体很可能仍生活在我们的地球上，以至我们现代人自身也可能是早期的地球人和高智能外星生命的融合体。

8. Extraterrestrial living bodies

Among the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group, the most surprising is that a considerable proportion jade pieces in various shape of extraterrestrial living body; some of them are people like, some like beasts, birds or insects, as well as the integration or combination of different species. These made the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group unique in the prehistoric cultures, and it is the great spectacle in the archaeological cultures of the world. So many vivid, ingenious shapes of extraterrestrial living body would not be imaginary by the Pan-Hongshan people; in fact these shapes related to the primitive worships or had their true background.

The modeling of integrated body occupies a large proportion in Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group, many different integrated biological modeling is a prominent cultural character of Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group. It is natural to make people think that some of extraterrestrial mastered the genetic transformation technology, and integrated different species together into new living body, as well as to make the extraterrestrial life and the life lived on earth together into new living body. So many integrated living bodies are not necessarily come from the alien; they may be the products of the laboratory. These integrated living bodies are likely to continue to live in our planet, and our modern people may also be the integrated bodies of the highly intelligent alien and earth people in early time.

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                 Fig8.1

8.1. 长角外星人

高18.5cm，宽7.8cm，厚4cm。

青玉，有灰皮，棕、黄沁色，玉声轻悠。放大镜下可见表面有许多极细的裂痕，故沁色也呈现出条纹状。

其造型为一大头外星人，双目呈橄榄球状突起，眼眶起一脊棱；前额高凸，眼鼻之间有一横向脊棱；鼻似猪鼻前噘，鼻孔朝前，鼻下方饰两道横向凹槽，呈张口状，尖下颌贴于胸前；两耳似猴耳，贴于面颊后侧；头顶有一对直立的长角；双腿屈蹲，双手置于膝上，颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。此外星人造型奇特，加工精细，艺术水平与工艺水平都很高超。

• 8.1 Horned alien

 

High: 18.5cm, width: 7.8cm, thickness: 4cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive gray skin and brownish yellow markings.

This modeling is an alien with big head and long horns. Its shape is: protruding olive-shaped eyes with relief orbits, high convex forehead, and a horizontal ridge below the orbits, pouting muzzle and nostrils forward, two horizontal grooves decorated below the nose, opened mouth, acuminate jaw affixed to the chest, ears affixed to the cheeks, a pair of long vertical horns on the head, legs squatting, hands placed on knees. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole back of its neck. This is a fantastic alien modeling with fine processing; both of artistic and technological levels are superb.

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                       Fig 8.2

 

• 8.2 巨爪外星人

高6cm，宽2.2cm，厚2.9cm。

白玉，玉质莹润，有棕、黑沁色及红色血丝纹，有蚀斑、蚀孔。

其造型为大头、小身外星人。其头形窄而长，面部形状为：一双突起的水滴状大眼，短鼻梁，大鼻头，鼻孔外翻；大嘴微张，吐舌，两耳倒竖，似猴耳；头发在脑后上翘，饰有瓦沟纹。上体很小，双臂自面颊后面生出，小臂弯曲，双手置于腰间，手形很大似兽爪，每手三指；双腿屈蹲，腹部隆起，双足也各有三趾；颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。

• 8.2 Big claws alien

High: 6cm, width: 2.2cm, thickness: 2.9cm.

It is made of high quality white nephrite with corrosive pits and red brown and black markings.

This modeling is an alien with big head and small body. Its shape is: a narrow and long head, a pair of protruding drop-shaped eyes, big and short nose, nostrils turned out, slightly open mouth, protruding tongue, erect ears are monkey ears like, hair on the top of the head and upturned and decorated with groove patterns, upper body very small, the arms grew up from the back of the cheeks, and big hands are animal’s claw like, and placed on the sides of  waist, three fingers on each hand, legs squatted, three toes on each foot, bulged abdomen. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole back of the neck.

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                      Fig 8.3

 

•  8.3 跪拜姿外星人

高8.6cm，宽3.5cm，厚1cm。

青玉，红褐沁色，有蚀斑和蚀孔。

其造型为一外星女子双手合十于胸前，跪拜姿。该女子大头，双环状大目几乎覆盖整个面部，直鼻，小口，口前噘，微张，似念经状。发自头顶披向背后，颈后有一对钻圆孔。此玉饰为片状，头顶部两面有倒角。左、右两面面纹饰皆以打洼法饰出。鼻口饰于前侧面，形成立体效果。

• 8.3 Alien in kneeling and praying posture

 

High: 8.6cm, width: 3.5cm, thickness: 1cm.

It’s made of sapphire with corrosive pits and reddish brown markings.

This modeling is a female alien in kneeling posture with hands together in front. Its shape is: big head, ring-shaped big eyes almost covered the entire face, straight nose, small mouth pouting and slightly open, it seems chanting scripture. The hair was hung on the back. There is a drilling hole back of the neck. This modeling is a flake ornament, but it has three-dimensional effect, this is the consequence of the nose and mouth at the edge on the side.

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                                   Fig 8.4

• 8.4 顶鹰外星 人

高7cm，宽3.2cm，厚3cm。

青玉，有灰皮及棕红沁色。

其造型为一外星人，头上顶一展翅之鹰。外星人形象奇特，有头无身体，从颧骨两侧生出两支手臂，双臂弯曲，双手置下颌两侧。头型上宽下窄，双目呈半圆形突起，眉骨较高，鼻梁挺拔，蒜头鼻，闭口，双耳位置较高接近头顶，下颌前翘，像是一位瘦骨智慧老者的形象。鹰的形象为双腿弯曲，鹰爪紧抓老者额上之头发，双翅向上略展，头朝前，双目圆凸，鹰之背部下弯呈弓形。鹰之颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。这造型使我们连想到龙山文化玉器中有一鹰攫人首玉饰，其造型是一鹰攫二人首的片状玉饰，与此件相似，它有可能源自泛红山文化。

• 8.4 Eagle and alien

High: 7cm, width: 3.2cm, thickness: 3cm.

It is made of sapphire with brownish red markings.

This modeling is an eagle standing on an alien’s head. The shape of the alien is: only a head without body, two arms grew up from both sides of cheeks, hands placed on both sides of lower jaw, protruding semicircular-shaped eyes, garlic-shaped nose with straight nose bridge, closed mouth, ears affixed to the sides of top of the head, the mandible forward. It is a very strange image; it looks like a wise old man. The eagle’s shape is: head forward, wings spreading upward, convex eyes, bending strong legs, talons clutching the alien’s head. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole back of its neck. This model remind us of the flake jade image in the Longshan culture, its shape is an eagle clutched two human heads, it is similar to this piece, it can be seen that this Longshan jade piece is the inheritance of Pan-Hongshan cultural.

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                                   Fig 8.5

 

•  8.5 鸭嘴水怪

高13厘米，宽7厘米，厚10厘米。

青玉，棕红沁色，有灰皮。

造型为一大头蹲姿怪兽，其面部形为：双目圆凸，环形眼眶，鼻孔外翻，鼻翼突起，双眉竖立，眉端分叉。眉间突起一双“V”字形角。宽大的鸭嘴，上唇边外翻，上唇中间有一脊棱。耳似犀牛耳，立于脑后。身似人体，前肢较细后肢状硕，手足皆为三趾。造型奇特生动，工艺难度很高。

1938年，在东欧波罗的海的爱沙尼亚朱明达海滩，曾有人发现类似的鸭嘴怪兽，它见到人便逃入海中。据此，我们可称此怪兽为“鸭嘴水怪”。无独有偶，在南美洲的奥尔梅克文化中也有刻有文字的玉制鸭嘴怪造型。

• 8.5 Duck beak-water monster

 High: 13cm, width: 7cm, thickness: 10cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive reddish brown markings.

It is a monster with a big head and duck beak in squatting posture. Its shape is: round convex eyes with ring-shaped orbit, garlic-shaped nose with nostrils turned outward, bifurcated eyebrows, a pair of V-shaped horns protruding between the eyebrows, large beak, the upper lip upturned and with a ridge on the middle of it, rhino ear like ears standing on the head, its body like human body, smaller forelimbs, and strong hind legs, both of its hand and foot are bird claws like, and three fingers on each hand, and three toes on each foot. This shape of the modeling is strange and vivid, and with the difficult process.

In 1938, on the Baltic beaches in Estonia, Eastern Europe, some people saw a similar monster with a duck beak which escaped into sea when it knew that some people were watching it. Accordingly, we can call the monster as a “duck beak-water monster”. Coincidentally, the Olmec culture in South America also appeared the similar jade duck beak-monster statue.

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                        Fig 8.6

 

•  8.6 外星骷髅

高5cm，宽3.5cm，厚1.9cm。

白玉，玉质莹润，棕、灰沁色。

其造型为一外星人头骨。其轮廓似一鸟，口及下颌以上似鸟的上身，下颌及口部似鸟的尾翼。正面以圆雕饰出骷髅的形状，反面基本上平光，只有口部及下颌部背面为一凹面，凹面上方两侧饰有“人”字形斜槽。正面上方有一从两侧对钻的“ 8 ”字形大眼眶，两眼间鼻梁骨凹陷，其下方有一小圆孔使双眼连通，两眼间眉骨尖突下弯；鼻骨隆起于眼眶下方，呈凸弧形；鼻端骨略上翘，两鼻孔间有一横向圆孔，使二鼻孔连通。眼眶下方颧骨呈弯钩状，在鼻骨两侧突起两凸棱，凸棱下方下颌部与口部变窄。口很大呈弧形，有上、下两排牙齿。头顶有一对钻牛鼻穿

此外星骷髅形状奇特，结构复杂，加工难度很大，造此骷髅的目的应是这类外星人向地球人传达他们的信息，特别是以优质玉石制作更是希望它们保存长久，使后人有机会见到。

• 8.6 Alien skull

 

High: 5cm, width: 3.5cm, thickness: 1.9cm.

It is made of white jade with corrosive brown markings.

This is an alien skull modeling. Its outline looks like a bird, above the mouth like the bird’s upper body, and the mouth and the jaw like the bird’s tail. The positive surface is decorated with the high relief processing; the opposite is flat, only the back of the mouth and the jaw concave and with V-shaped grooves on both sides. The shape on the positive is: a pair of glasses-shaped eyes, sunken nasal bone between the eyes, below which there is a hole to connect the eyes, the tip of the nose bone protruding; there is a horizontal round hole between the nostrils, hook-shaped cheek bones with convex edges, large curved mouth with upper and lower teeth. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole on the top of the head. The shape of the alien skull is oddly, and with complex structure and difficult process. The purpose to make the alien skull model should be the aliens communicated their message to the earth; especially using the high quality jade to make it is for saving it a long time, so that the future generations have an opportunity to see it.

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Reproductive culture and sexual culture – 生殖文化与性文化

                       七．生殖文化与性文化

泛红山文化时期我们人类的数量很少，人类自身的繁衍是当时十分重要的社会问题，是关系到氏族的生存和发展的头等大事。因此，生殖崇拜是当时原始宗教的重要内容，与生殖文化直接相关的性文化也倍受推崇。当时世界各地都是如此，世界很多地方都有原始生殖崇拜和性崇拜的遗迹，很多早期的绘画和雕塑内容与生殖和性相关。

在泛红山文化玉群中与生殖崇拜和性崇拜的相关造型很多，并且有很高的艺术性，绝无色情和淫秽之意。当时的人们和现代人的观念不同，对于性的观念没有人为的遮羞布，一切作品皆为真实感情的自然流露。给人们的感觉是自然、朴实、生动、活泼，并且妙趣横生，使我们不得不叹服先民们的艺术创造力。与生殖文化的相关造型中有些是人与动物交媾的造型，这些造型并非荒诞，它们是与氏族图腾传说相关的造型。

 

7. Reproductive culture and sexual culture

During the Pan-Hongshan cultural period, there was only small number of human, so the reproduction of human beings was the top priority. Thus, the reproductive worship was an important part of the primitive religion then, and the sexual culture which directly related to the reproductive culture was highly regarded. At that time the similar circumstances appeared all over the world, many original reproductive and sexual cultural relics have been found in many parts of the world, such as the early paintings and sculptures related to the reproductive and sexual worship.

There were many modeling related to the reproductive and sexual worship among the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group. These modeling has high artistic quality, no pornography and obscenity meanings. At that time people’s concepts were different from the modern people, there was no the fig leaf for the sexual, and all of the works were the expression of authentic natural emotion, to give people the feeling is natural, simple, vivid, and lively and fun. So we had to gasp in admiration the artistic creativity of our ancestors. Among the modeling related to reproductive culture, some of intercourse between human and animal appeared, these modeling are not absurd; they are the image associated with clan totemic legends.

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                               Fig 7.1

 

7.1 生殖之神

长13cm，宽8.5cm。

青玉，部分有灰皮。棕红沁色，有蚀斑，蚀孔。

该神灵面形似猴，双目突出，鼻梁贯于头顶，嘴前噘，一双大耳贴于脑后，头戴”△“冠或称戴胜。颈部有一项链。身体形状似鸟，身体两侧有双翅。神灵为女性，胸前有一对乳房，阴部突出，占去整个腹部的位置，其雕琢十分写实，阴户，阴唇，阴毛、肛门等尽皆饰出。阴道为一斜孔。身体背面有一勺形凹陷，背面下端有一台阶。脑后有一对钻牛鼻穿。现在河南淮阳的人祖庙会泥塑多有融合体、生殖之神造像。有的作品与此件玉饰十分相象，也是猴面，身体部位突显女阴。有学者认为这是太昊伏羲氏族图腾，可能是母祖女娲造像。

7.1 The reproductive goddess

Length: 13cm, width: 8.5cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive gray skin and reddish brown markings.

This is a complex goddess modeling, she has a monkey face and bird body. Her shape is: protruding eyes, the bridge of nose up to forehead, pouting mouth, and large ears affixed to the back of the head, wore a triangle-shaped crown named hoopoe, and a necklace, wings affixed to the sides of body. She has a pair of breasts on the chest; the prominent genital occupied the most part of the abdomen. The carving is very realistic, the vulva, labia, pubic hair, anus were all showed, the vagina is a slant-hole. There is a spoon-shaped depression on the back and a stair at the lower end of the back. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole behind its head. Up to now, we can see many reproductive goddess statues in the temples of Huaiyang County, Henan province, some of them were very similar to this one which is the monkey face and highlighted the vulva. Some scholars believe that this is the clan totem of Taihao Fuxi, may be Nuwa’s totemic image.

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                                           Fig 7.2

 

7. 7.2 乾坤合璧

直径14cm，厚3cm。

青玉，质优，表面有一层黄色玉皮。

此圆形玉饰是写实性生殖崇拜作品，中央是女阴，周边有二男性生殖器环抱，二阴茎共一对睾丸。女阴阴唇略翘起，通往阴道处有一圆槽圆槽底部周边有一沟槽，槽底有一小孔打通至反面。阴户部分饰以斜线纹，其余部分皆以打洼及磨制而成。反面成球台形，中间有一直径为6.7cm的球冠形凹槽。二龟头相接处有一缺口，玉饰之反面沿此缺口的直径方向有一沟槽。此璧设计奇巧，加工难度很大。此玉饰是原始生殖崇拜的重要物证。笔者称之为 “乾坤合璧”即阴阳合璧的意思。从该玉饰的造型可以看出它是以女子为中心的母系社会的作品。此玉饰并非璧，只是其形略似璧，笔者用“合璧”一词是指将阴、阳组合为一体。

7.2  Combinative ornament of yin and yang

 Diameter: 14cm, thickness: 3cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive yellow skin.

This circular jade ornament is a work of realistic reproduction worship, the central vulva surrounded by two male genitals. The vulva lips curled slightly; there is a hole through the vagina to the back. The part of vulva was decorated with diamond patterns. The opposite is a concave surface. There is a gap between the two glanses, and there is a groove on the opposite along the diameter direction. This ornament is very ingenious design, and processing is very difficult. It is an important evidence of primordial reproductive worship. We called it the “combinative ornament of yin and yang”, it means the yin and yang combined as one, here the word “yin and yang” means female and male, from its shape we know that it was a woman- centered matriarchal society work.

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                                       Fig 7.3

7. 3 男女交媾玉饰

长5.7cm，高3.7cm，厚1.5cm。

墨玉，质优，蜡状光泽，有灰皮和蚀斑。

其造型为男女二人坐姿交媾形态。男子双腿前伸略分开一人宽，双手支撑于地面，仰首，面朝天。女子坐于男子两小腿之间，双手握于男子双足，双腿前伸，双足置于男子腰间，双乳向斜上方突起，仰首，面朝天。二者阴部相对，男子将阴茎插入女阴。二者皆吊梢眼，高鼻梁，小嘴，男子之头形较大，面庞也较宽。整体造型生动，线条流畅，工艺精湛。

7.3 The sexual intercourse ornament

Length: 5.7cm, high: 3.7cm, thickness: 1.5m.

It is made of high quality black jade with waxy luster and corrosive gray markings.

This is a modeling of sexual intercourse of a man and a woman; both of them are in sitting posture. The man reached his legs and slightly separated, hands supported on the ground, and looked up. The woman sited between the two legs of the man, and held the man’s feet in her hands, legs reached and placed on the sides of man’s waist, breasts protruded obliquely upward, and face forward. The man inserted the penis to the vulva. The overall shape of the modeling is vivid and exquisite workmanship.

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                                         Fig 7.4                                                   

 

7.4  熊人交媾玉饰

长16cm，高11cm，厚5cm。

黄玉，质佳。红色沁色，灰色蚀斑，沁色很美。

其造型为一熊与一女子交媾，女子之双目上挑，蒜头鼻，口微张，头顶两侧各有一发髻，双腿跪于地面，小臂支撑于地面，背部弓起，仰首面向前方，双乳发达。熊的形象是熊头人身，立于女子后方，双腿微屈，双足立于女子小腿两侧，前臂抱于女子腰部。熊首朝前，枣核形双目突出，双耳立起，张口，吐出长舌。熊尾贴于臀部，阴部饰出一对睾丸。事实上，此熊是熊氏族图腾的形象。

7.4 The intercourse of bear and woman

 Length: 16cm, high: 11cm, thickness: 5cm.

The jade is high quality topaz with corrosive pits and beautiful red markings.

This modeling is a bear and a woman to make sex. The woman’s shape is: sloping upward eyes, garlic-shaped nose, slightly opened mouth, two buns on each side of the head, face forward, well-developed breasts, and body in arched back prone posture. The image of the bear is bear head and human body; it stood behind the woman and feet on both sides of the woman, bent legs, held the woman’s waist with two hands, and face forward. It has date kernel-shaped eyes, erect ears, opened mouth and elongated tongue. The bear’s tail affixed to its buttock, a pair of testicles was showed, in fact, it is the totemic image of bear clan.

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                       Fig 7.5

7.5 神人交媾玉饰

高17cm，宽10cm，厚5.5cm。

墨玉，有灰皮，部分腐蚀呈金红色。

其造型为男、女二神人交媾。男子头型特大，双目圆凸，似金鱼眼。扁鼻，鼻孔朝前。大嘴，似鱼嘴，微张。双眉伸向脑后，双耳生于头顶两侧，耳尖端指向后方，脑后有双峰形突起，似二角。高颧骨，双手置于胸前，手指下指。双腿弯曲，一双大脚似鸭掌。上肢很发达，身体和腰都很细。腹部向前隆起，阴茎大而长，伸向女子阴部。女子体形娇小，但乳房硕大，挺于胸前，五官端正，头略上仰望着男子的头，口微张，微笑状，头发分四缕，披向脑后。双手抱住男子龟头置于阴部，双腿弯曲，一双大脚似鸭掌。从男子的造型看，他好像是生活于水中的神人。他们是生殖之神，是东方的亚当和夏娃。

7.5 The intercourse of aliens

 High: 17cm, width: 10cm, thickness: 5.5cm.

It is made of black jade with corrosive gray and golden red skin.

The modeling is two heterosexual aliens to make love. The male’s shape is: big head, golden fish face, a pair of big popping eyes like bulbs, big mouth like fish mouth, flat nose forward, long eyebrows, high cheekbones, ears affixed to the sides of head, ear tip pointed to the rear, two peak-shaped horns on the head. His hands placed on his chest and fingers pointed downward, legs bent, big feet like duck feet, well-developed upper body, slender waist, bulged abdomen, big and long penis stretched to the female’s genital. The female has a petite body, but huge breasts bulged on the chest, smiling handsome face, and her head slightly rose up to look the male’s face, four strands of hair were hung to the back of head,  hands held the male’s glans to put in her vulva, bent legs , big feet like duck’s feet.

From the shape of the two aliens of view, they seem to live in the water; they should be the water aliens. They are the aliens of reproduction, the Eastern Adam and Eve.

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Aquatic animals – 水族生物

六．水族生物

泛红山文化玉群中，水族生物的造型很多，有淡水生物、海洋生物及两栖类生物。这表明泛红山文化区涵盖了部分的沿海地区,  并且从氏族图腾的造型可知其地域范围是从东北亚地区经白令海峡直至美洲的西北部沿岸地区，其中包括了北太平洋的广阔海域。这证明了泛红山文化时期的先民们已经掌握了造船技术和航海的能力。

泛红山文化玉群中，龟、蛙和蝾螈的造型很多，这表明轩辕氏或称天鼋氏（他们以海龟或龟为图腾）和女娲氏（他们以蛙或蝾螈为图腾）是当时强大的氏族，他们分布的地域广阔，包含了沿海和内陆地区。除了一般的鱼类外，玉群中还有人鱼的造型，以及陆地生物与鱼类的融合体，甚至还有外星人骑鲸鱼，龟驮美人鱼等奇特的造型。这些造型使我们有理由猜想，有高智能的类人生物或外星人生活于海洋中。海洋既关系到人类的生存，又关系到人类的文明。

6.  Aquatic animals

There are many modeling of aquatic animal in the Pan-hongshan cultural jade group, such as the freshwater animals, marine animals and amphibian species. This shows that Pan-Hongshan cultural district covered a part of coastal areas, and from the shapes of its clan’s totem, we can see that its geographical range is from Northeast Asia via the Bering Strait until American Northwest coast, including the vast North Pacific rims. This proves that our ancestors already mastered the shipbuilding and marine technology during the Pan-Hongshan cultural period.

Among the Pan-Hongshan jade group many turtles, frogs and salamanders modeling appeared, it shows that Xuanyuan clan or called it Tianyuan clan, which with the turtle or sea turtle as their totem, and the Nuwa clan which with the frog or salamander as their totem were powerful clans; they have wide geographical distribution including coast and inland areas.    Other than the general shapes of fish there are mermaid modeling, and the integrated shapes of terrestrial organisms and fish, and even the exotic modeling of alien riding whale, turtle carrying mermaid and so on in the jade group. These modeling give us reason to suspect that there are intelligent humanoids or aliens living in the ocean. The ocean not only has been relating to the human survival but also has been relating to the human civilization.

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                                               Fig 6.1

 6.1 海龟

长11.5cm，宽9.4cm，龟背高3.2cm，头高4.2cm。

青玉，玉质温润，无杂色，有棕红沁色及蚀斑。

龟呈仰首爬行状，其四肢粗壮，掌指有力，以瓦沟纹饰出。双目呈半球状突起，昂首望天，鼻略上翘，大嘴，短尾呈尖状。龟壳隆起，无纹饰，腹部平光。颈下有一对钻牛鼻穿。此龟造型生动，憨态可掬，刀法简练，曲线流畅。艺术水平与工艺水平都很高。

6.1.         Sea turtle

Length: 11.5cm, width: 9.4cm, high 4.2cm.

The jade is sapphire in light green color, non-variegation, and with corrosive reddish brown markings.

This modeling is a crawling like sea turtle. It has a pair of hemispheric protruding eyes and looking up, stout limbs and metacarpals were decorated with corrugated patterns, slight upturned nose, large mouth, acuminate short tail, convex shell with no decoration, plain abdomen. There is an ox nostril-shaped drilling hole below its neck. This modeling of the sea turtle is lively, lovely, and fine processing. It has high artistic and technological level.

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                                            Fig 6.2

 6.2.蛙

长 5cm，宽 4cm，高 2.2cm。

青玉，棕红沁色，蜡状光泽。

青蛙双目圆凸，视向前方，前腿前伸，后腿弯曲，背上饰三道瓦沟纹。准备跃起捕食状，形象生动。

6.1.         Frog

Length: 5cm, width: 4cm, high: 2.2cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive reddish brown markings，and wax luster.

The shape of the frog modeling is: protruding round eyes, face forward, forelegs reaching, hind legs bending. There are three longitudinal groove patterns decorated on its back. The overall shape of it is preying-like, very lively.

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                                          Fig 6.3

6.3. 鱼

长8.8cm，厚0.5cm。

青玉，褐色沁色。

其造型为一片状游动觅食状之鱼，两面纹饰相同，头部突现一双圆睁大眼睛，张大口。腹背均有鳍，以瓦沟纹饰出。尾下弯，呈蓄势待发状。造型十分生动，颈后有一对钻孔。

6.1.         Fish

Length: 8.8cm, thickness: 0.5cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive brown markings.

The modeling is a flat fish; both sides of it have the same decorations. It is in swimming and preying posture. It shape is: a pair of big opening round eyes, opened mouth, it has fins on the abdomen and back, tail bending inward, it looks like ready to prey on. The style of this modeling is very lively. There is round bifacial drilling hole back of the neck.

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                                            Fig 6.4

6.4. 蛹驮海豹

高5.8cm，宽4cm，厚2cm。

熊胆青玉，棕红沁色。

造型为一海豹立于一蛹背之上，海豹昂首翘尾，尾鰭贴于颈后，双足立于蛹背之上，蛹略呈船形，双目圆凸，尾略上翘。

6.4         Pupa carrying  seal

 High: 5.8cm, width: 4cm, thickness: 2cm.

The jade is in bile color, it has corrosive brown markings.

This modeling is a seal standing on the back of a pupa. The seal shape is: looking upward and upturned tail, the tail bifurcated and affixed to the back of its neck, feet on the back of the pupa. The pupa is slightly boat like, it has convex round eyes, and upturned tail.

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                                         Fig 6.5

6.5.女娲图腾像

长10.4厘米，宽7.5厘米，高10厘米，重630克。

墨绿玉，质优，棕灰色包浆，有蚀斑、蚀孔。

造型为一大蛙背驮一小孩。蛙呈坐姿，后腿前屈，前腿微屈，四肢壮硕，四足大而有力，爪趾分明，内钩支撑于地面。蛙之眉眼高凸，睛珠呈枣核形，鼻端尖凸，大嘴呈“人”字形，两腮隆起。腹部圆凸，脊柱突起，背部饰菱形瓦沟纹。小孩趴伏于蛙背，小臂和双手贴于蛙之头顶，抬头前视，其面部形为：吊梢眼，直鼻，小口，颧骨隆起　下颏前翘，双耳突起于面颊后方，头顶有长方形发髻。此玉饰造型生动，工艺水平很高。女娲氏以蛙为图腾，此造像即是女娲造人的生动写照。

末次冰期的晚期，部分女娲氏族迁徙到美洲的西北部，至今在桑塔把布拉市附近的山上还保留有女娲氏族图腾蛙和蝾螈的岩画。

6.5        The totemic image of Nuwa

Length: 10.4cm, width: 7.5cm, high: 10cm, weight: 630g.

The jade is high quality dark green jade with corrosive brownish gray markings.

The modeling is a big frog carried a small child on its back. The frog is in sitting position, its limbs sturdy, hind legs bended forward, the forelegs slightly bended. It used its large and powerful four claws to support on the ground. Its facial feature is: high convex date kernel-shaped eyes, protruding nose tip, “V”-shaped mouth, bulged cheeks. It has round convex abdomen and protruding spine. Its back was decorated with diamond-shaped tile groove patterns. The child is in kneeling prone posture and putting his arms and hands on the head of the frog, forward looking. His face shape is: slope up eyes, straight nose, small mouth, bulged cheek bones, acuminate chin forward, protruding ears behind the cheeks, and a rectangular bun on the head. This modeling is vivid style, and very high technological level. Goddess Nuwa was the human creator, she is the earliest human mother, and frog or salamander is her clan’s totem. This modeling is a vivid portrayal of Nuwa.

During the Late Last Ice Age period, a part of Nuwa’s ethnic moved to the northwest of America. So far, there are some of Nuwa’s totemic rock arts which are frogs and salamanders on the mountains near by the city Santa Barbara.

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                               Fig 6.6

6.1.龟驮美人鱼

高 13.5cm，龟身长 8.5cm，龟耳宽 5.5cm。

墨玉，有灰皮及朱砂斑。

造型为一龟驮一美人鱼，龟呈行走状，昂首前视。美人鱼尾折向臀部，立于龟背之上，面朝前视，眉目清秀，头发披向背后，双乳丰满，双手置于双乳下方。整体造型生动，充满丰富的想象力。见到它会使人们自然地联想到一个美丽的神话故事。这位美人鱼很可能就是爱斯基摩人传说的海洋女神塞得娜，她是创造北极海洋生物的造物女神，生活在海底。如此生动传奇式的雕塑在世界史前文化中当属首屈一指。

6.6.         Mermaid and turtle

 High: 13.5cm, the length of the turtle: 8.5cm, the width of the turtle: 5.5cm.

The jade is black nephrite with corrosive gray and cinnabar markings.

This modeling is a mermaid standing on a turtle’s back. The turtle is walking like, rising head and looking forward. The shape of the mermaid is woman’s body and fish tail, beauty tail upturn to her buttock and erective body, beautiful face, facing front, hair hang to the back, plump breasts and both hands hold on the bottom of the breasts. The overall shape is vivid and full of rich imagination. It makes people naturally to think of a beautiful fairy tale. This mermaid probably is the sea goddess Sedna in the Eskimo legendry, she is the creator of the Arctic marine creatures, and she lived on the seabed. Such an art modeling was undoubtedly the best in the prehistoric sculptural art.

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昆虫 – Insects

五．昆虫

昆虫是地球上最庞大的生物群。泛红山文化玉群中昆虫的造型也很多，如蝉、蛹、蜜蜂、甲虫、螳螂、蝗虫、蜘蛛、蝎子等。他们是人类赖以生存的生态环境中的重要角色。其中有些昆虫是与人类的生产和生活密切相关的。如蜜蜂传播花粉，制造蜂蜜；甲虫制造肥料，有些甲虫有美丽的外壳，可以美化生活，它们是农业社会必不可缺的；又如当时的人们效仿蜘蛛作网捕鱼，狩猎；蝗虫有超强的繁殖力，蝎子和螳螂有凶猛的武备，这些均令人敬佩，有些氏族以它们作为图腾。

在泛红山文化玉群的昆虫类中，蝉和蝉蛹占有最大的比例。蝉是一种十分特殊的昆虫，它从卵到成虫有14年或17 年的生活史，超过了一般猫、狗的寿命，它一生经历了多次的蜕变，成虫形态美丽、洁净，非一般昆虫可比，人们常将它们比喻作高洁的人品。令人感到惊奇的是在泛红山文化玉群中，蝉常常是与外星生命密切相关的，有很多蝉或蝉蛹与外星生命体的组合或融合造型。这自然会使我们联想到它们是天外来物，笔者在“万古奇珍—泛红山文化玉群”一书中特别提及它。如果我们能破解蝉的秘密，将会使我们在外星生命的探索中有一个重要的突破。

5. Insects

Insects are the largest biota on the earth. There are many kind of insect modeling in the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group; such as cicadas, pupa, bees, beetles, mantis, grasshoppers, spiders, scorpions and so on. They play a very important role in the ecological environment of mankind’s survival. Some of them are closely related to human production and life. Such as bees can pollen and make honey; beetles can make fertilizer, and some beetles have beautiful shell which can be beautify the living, they are the essential for the agricultural society; another examples are when people followed the spider to make net for fishing and hunting; and the locust’s superior fecundity, and the scorpion’s and mantis’s fierce weapons were admired by people, some of clans took them for their totem.

In the Pan-hongshan cultural jade group, cicadas and cicada pupas hold the largest proportion of the insects. Cicadas are very special insects, from egg to adult, their life history has 14 years or 17 years long, longer than the general cats and dog’s life, which life has evolved many times, and the adult’s form is beautiful and smooth, people often likened them to virtuous characters. Surprising is cicadas are often closed related to extraterrestrial life; there are many combination and integration modeling of cicada or cicada pupa in the Pan-hongshan cultural jade group. This naturally makes us to think about that they are come from the heaven. The author specifically mentioned it in the book “The Earliest Miraculous Treasure- Pan-Hongshan Cultural Jade Group”. If we can crack the secret of cicada, it will be a significant breakthrough to explore alien life.

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                                Fig 5.1

5.1. 蝉

长5.3cm，宽4.5cm，厚2.3cm。

青玉，全沁呈棕红沁色，腊状光泽，有蚀斑、蚀孔。

造型为一蝉，双目突起呈蘑菇形，有眼眶，颈部有弦纹，背部有双翅，尾略上翘，腹部隆起，有五道弦纹，口部没有吸针而是一张大口，形似蛙口，口下方有一对钻牛鼻穿。

5.1.         Cicada

 

Length: 5.3cm, width: 4.5cm, thickness: 2.3cm.

The jade is sapphire with reddish brown markings and corrosive pits; it has wax-like luster.

This is a particular cicada modeling. It shape is: convex mushroom-shaped eyes with relief orbit, its neck decorated with relief horizontal lines, wings affixed to its back, tail slightly upturned, belly bulged and decorated five relief lateral lines, no suction needle but a big mouth looks like the frog’s mouth. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole below its mouth.

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                               Fig 5.2

5.2.蛙头蛹

长6cm，最宽2.5cm，厚2cm。

青玉，玉质莹润，棕、红沁色，有蚀斑及蚀孔。沁色很美，蜡状光泽。

其造型为一大头蛹，头形似蛙头，双目自两侧突起，面部向斜下方倾斜，口为圆弧形扁突，有一对阴刻鼻孔，鼻孔上方及头顶均饰有弦纹。身体分四节，逐节变细，身体横断面呈椭圆形，颈下有一对钻牛鼻穿。

5.2         Frog head pup

Length: 6cm, width: 2.5cm, thickness: 2cm.

The jade is high quality sapphire with corrosive reddish brown markings and pits, it has waxy luster.

It is a big head pupa. Its head shape is similar to the frog head, eyes protruding to the sides, slope face, and arc-shaped protrusive mouth, a pair of incised nostrils, the nose and the top of its head were decorated with relief horizontal lines. Its body was divided into four segments and tapering. The cross-section of its body is in oval-shaped. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole beneath its neck for wearing.

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                                      Fig 5.3

5.3 蝗虫

长7cm，宽2.5cm，高3.2cm。

黄玉，玉质温润，有灰皮，棕色沁色。

其造型为一蝗虫，大头，双目圆凸，口为一圆孔，直通颈后，颈后之孔呈椭圆形，其边缘突起。蝗虫弓背，双翅贴于背上；一双大腿呈折角型贴于腹部之两侧，双足支撑于地面；其胸部有一漏斗孔与颈部之椭圆孔相通；若将一绳之两端分别从口及胸部之孔穿入，从颈后椭圆孔穿出，则悬挂时蝗虫身体保持水平。如果用手指堵住其口，从颈后椭圆孔吹入气流，则会发出尖锐的响声，可用做口哨。此蝗虫整体造型生动可爱，构思奇巧。

5.3       Locust

Length: 7cm, width: 2.5cm, high: 3,2cm.

The jade is high quality topaz with corrosive brownish gray markings.

The locust shape is: big head, round convex eyes, the mouth is a hole; there is an oval-shaped hole back of the neck connected with the mouth, its edges protruding. The locust back arched, wings affixed to the back; a pair of angular legs affixed to the abdomen, both feet sported on the ground. There is a funnel-shaped hole on its chest connected with the neck hole; if put the two ends of a thread in the holes on the chest and the mouth and penetrated out from the hole back of neck, then the body can be hoisted, and keep the body in level. If you use your finger to block its mouth, blowing air from the elliptical hole back of the neck, it will emit a sharp sound, can be used as whistles. The overall shape of the locust is lively and cleverly designed.

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                                             Fig 5.4

5.4.甲虫

长12cm，宽5cm，厚3cm。

灰绿玉，质优。生坑，表面尚有土斑。棕、黑、黄等沁色。蜡状光泽，是罕见之美玉。

其造型为一甲虫，其头、胸部较小，双目圆凸，朝天，眼后突起三道弦纹。一对前肢很壮，双足伸向头前面合拢，爪趾外撇，细腰大肚，背部有双翅，背部中间突起一脊棱。尾端上翘，胸腹部平光，无纹饰。两足间有一对钻圆孔。整体造型生动，加工精细，光洁度很高。

5.4.    Beetle

Length: 12cm, width: 5cm, thickness: 3cm.

The jade is high quality celadon with corrosive brown, black and yellow markings, and waxy luster. It is rare quality jade.

The beetle shape is: the head and chest smaller, round convex eyes facing up, there are three relief horizontal lines behind the eyes, a pair of very strong forelimbs stretching forward, the claws together formed V-shape, slender waist, big belly, wings on the back, there is a protruding ridge on the middle of the back, and the tail upturned. There is a drilling hole between the front legs, no decorations on the chest and abdomen. The overall shape of the modeling is vivid, fine processing and high quality finished.

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                                Fig 5.5

                                      

5.5.外星人亲蝉                      

长8.5cm，高3cm，宽3cm。

墨玉，玉质温润，蜡状光泽，有灰皮。

其造型为一猪头外星人，跪卧姿，双臂前伸，双手握于一蝉的两侧，与蝉亲吻。猪头外星人的头形与猪龙相似，双目大而圆突，头顶生一双半环状大耳，噘嘴，翘鼻，鼻孔朝前，小腿后伸，脚心向上。蝉形简化，只饰出一双圆突的大目和双翅，蝉的下方有一对钻牛鼻穿。此外星人造型生动、有趣。此造像显示此类外星人与蝉之关系密切。

5.5         Alien kisses cicada

Length: 8.5cm, high: 3cm, width: 3cm.

This jade is black jade, waxy luster, and with corrosive gray markings.

The modeling is an alien with a pig head in kneeling prone posture, arms reached to hold a cicada and kissing with it. The alien’s head is similar to the pig dragon’s head; it has large round convex eyes, a pair of big semi- circular shaped ears, pouting mouth, upturned nose and nostrils forward. The cicada’s shape is simplified, only a pair of big round eyes and wings. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole at the bottom of the cicada. The style of this modeling is lively and interesting. This statue showed the intimate relationship between some kind of alien and the cicada.

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Wild animals and livestock – 野兽和家畜

四．野兽和家畜

泛红山文化玉群中的多种野兽和家畜地造型为我们提供了许多重要的文化信息。如当时的生态环境；人们的生产和生活方式；宗教信仰以及氏族的成分等。泛红山文化玉群中野兽的造型很多，家畜以牛、羊、猪为主。由此我们知道当时该地区的生态环境很好，适合多种鸟、兽类的生存。人们当时是以农、牧业为主，兼有狩猎的生产和生活方式，并且从多种动物的组合与融合造型可知当时的农、牧业氏族多以牛、羊、猪等为其氏族的图腾，可以推断，该地区是东夷族与羌族为主体的多氏族混居的地区。从多种动物的造型还可推知，该地区与其他的文化区间有广泛的文化交流。

4.  Wild animals and livestock

A variety modeling of wild animals and domestic animals in the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group provides us with much important cultural information, such as ecological environment; people’ production and life; religious and clan ingredients and so on. Among the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group, there are many kinds of wild animals; the cattle, sheep and pig were the common livestock. From this we know that a good ecological environment in this region for a variety of birds and mammals survive. At that time, the people’s production and life were mainly based on agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting; and from the modeling of the combination and integration of a variety animals, we know that the agriculture and animal husbandry clans were commonly with cattle, sheep and pig as their clan’s totem. We can infer that this region was a mixed area of clans, the main clans were Dong-Yi and Qiang, and they had broad cultural exchange with other regions.

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Fig4.1

4.1 猪

长6.8厘米，高3.4厘米，厚2.1厘米。

灰绿色翠玉，棕黄沁色。

造型为一立姿猪，其头型较大，水滴状双目高凸，鼻口部前噘，双耳立于脑后。前肢较短，后肢屈蹲。体形壮硕。其胸部有一对钻隧孔。猪是豕韦氏族图腾，在新石器时期豕韦氏分布很广，主要分布在东北地区与东部沿海地区，他们对红山文化与良渚文化的创建均有重要贡献。

4.1 Pig

 

Length: 6.8cm, high: 3.4cm, thickness: 2.1cm.

The jade is a kind of pyroxene in gray-green color with brown markings.

The pig is in standing position; it has a big head, drop-shaped convex eyes, the muzzle pouted, ears standing on the back of its head, the front legs short and the hind legs squatting, and sturdy body. There is a double bevel drilling hole on its chest.

The pig is the totem of the Shiwei’s clan which widely distributed, mainly in the Northeast China and the Chinese eastern coastal area in the New Stone Age. They had important contribution for creating the Hongshan culture and Liangzhu culture.

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Fig 4.2

4.2水牛头

    高3.5cm，宽4cm，厚1.1cm。

青玉，有灰斑及棕红沁色。

造型为一水牛头。头上双角上弯，尖端分别指向左右。枣核形双目突起，鼻口前噘。背面有两道纵向瓦沟纹，在其顶端有一对钻牛鼻穿。刀法简练，造型神似。

1996年12月辽宁省新民市附近挖掘出一架完整的水牛角化石，经专家鉴定，确认为其时间是距今一万年左右的更新世晚期。考古专家认为，这一发现对研究辽宁第四纪冰期的古气侯、古环境具有重要意义。这发现也证实笔者在前言中所讲的末次冰期晚期泛红山文化地区曾有很好的自然生态环境。泛红山玉群中出现水牛头的造型也不足为奇了。

4.2. Buffalo head

High: 3.5cm, width: 4cm, thickness: 1.1cm.

The jade is sapphire with reddish brown markings and gray spots.

Its shape is: the double horns bended upward, the horn tips pointed to right and left respectively; date kernel-shaped protruding eyes, muzzle pouted. . On the back of it, there is a longitudinal ridge and an ox nostril-shaped drilling hole on its top. This buffalo head model has concise carving techniques and vivid style.

December 1996, near the Xinmin county, Liaoning Province excavated a complete fossil of buffalo horn, by experts confirmed that its time is about ten thousand years ago, the Late Pleistocene. Archaeologists believed that this discovery has great significance for studying the ancient environment during the last ice age in that area. This discovery was also confirmed that it has a good natural and ecological environment in the Pan-Hongshan cultural area at that time.

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Fig4.3

4.3. 河马驮海龟

长6cm，高5cm，宽2.8cm。

青玉，玉质莹润，有灰皮及棕红沁色。

其造型为一河马背驮一海龟。河马体型壮硕，胸、腹部隆起，四肢较短，腿部肌肉发达；仰首，双目呈半球状突起，鼻翼高突，张口,好像在与海龟谈话。海龟头高抬，双目圆凸，龟壳略呈圆形；三角形短尾贴于河马尾部上方；四只大足，每足三趾，紧抱于河马之身后。

整体造型生动、有趣。河马经常将是身体泡在水中，只有头、背露出水面，像一块大礁石，海龟正好爬上去晒太阳，成了河马的好朋友。河马生活于非洲，古埃及人曾尊它为河马女神（也即是母系社会的氏族图腾），海龟是轩辕氏族图腾，这一造型表明：以东北亚为中心的泛红山地区先民曾与非洲先民有过友好的往来。

4.3. Hippo and sea turtle combinative ornament

 

Length: 6cm, high: 5cm, width: 2.8cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive reddish brown markings.

The shape of the modeling is a big sea turtle lying on the back of a hippo. The hippo is sturdy, its abdomen bulged, limbs muscular and short, face upward, hemispherical protruding eyes, nostrils upturned, mouth opened, just like to talk with the sea turtle. The sea turtle stretched its neck upward; it has protruding round eyes, round shell, and triangular tail affixed to the hip of the hippo, four big feet, and three toes on each foot and clinging to the hippo’s body. The overall of the modeling is lively and interesting.

Hippo often soak the body in the water, only the head and back out of the water, looks like a big rock; the sea turtle climb up on it to take sunlight and just became a good friend of Hippo. Hippos live in Africa; it was one of the goddess of the ancient Egypt. The sea turtle was the totem of the Xuanyuan’s clan which lived in the Northeast of China. This modeling indicated that the African ancestors and the ancestors lived in the Pan-Hongshen cultural areas have had friendly cultural exchanges.

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                          Fig4.4

4.4.猴、犀牛佩

长6cm，高4.5cm，厚1.5cm。

青玉，玉质温润无瑕，有棕红沁色及蚀斑。

其造型为一猴，立姿，身体前倾依偎于一独角犀牛之脑后。犀牛只饰出一头，其形为水滴状大目突起，眼角下斜，闭口，鼻孔朝向两侧，鼻端生一角，尖端内弯。耳似象耳垂于脑后两侧。小猴双目圆凸，噘嘴翘鼻，双手置于犀牛之头顶，身体前倾贴于犀牛之脑后，双足可能是立于犀牛的背上，犀牛两腮处有一对钻圆孔。整体造型生动有趣，工艺精湛。

4.4. Monkey and rhino combinative ornament

 

Length: 6cm, high: 4.5cm, thickness: 1.5cm.

The jade is high quality sapphire with corrosive brownish red markings and spots.

This modeling is a monkey leaning behind a rhino’s head. The shape of the rhino’s head is: a pair of big convex drop-shaped eyes sloping downward, nostrils upturned, its single horn is on the top of its nose and bending backward, ears affixed to both sides of its head, which are similar to elephant’s ears. The shape of the monkey is: convex round eyes, protruding muzzle, and hands placed on rhino’s head. There is a straight hole drilled from both sides of the rhino’s cheek. The shape of the modeling is vivid, and made by high level making skills.

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                             Fig 4.5

4.5. 鹰、虎佩

高16.7厘米，宽6.1厘米，厚9 厘米。

青玉，质优，棕红沁色，有灰皮。

造型为一立姿鹰，其肩驮一虎。鹰头略前伸，双目圆凸，喙内钩，双翅贴于身体两侧，尾翼伸向斜下方，双足状硕。虎呈坐姿，前腿伸直，后腿前屈，足爪内钩，坐于鹰之肩颈部。虎颈前伸，双目前视，翘鼻，口呈“人”字形，双耳竖立。虎尾下垂，尾端外棬。虎之脊椎骨高凸。

此玉饰造型生动，工艺水平很高。它是鹰氏族与虎氏族联合图腾造像，可能是太昊族图腾的形象。

4.5.         The combinative ornament of eagle and tiger

 

High: 16.7cm, width: 6.1cm, thickness: 9cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive gray skin and reddish brown markings.

The shape of the modeling is a tiger sitting on a eagle‘s shoulder. The eagle shape is: head slightly reaching, round convex eyes, hook beak, wings affixed to the body sides, the tail extending obliquely downward, and sturdy legs. The tiger’s front legs straight, hind legs flexed, sharp claws, head reached toward, facing front, nostrils upturned, inverse “V”-shaped mouth, erecting ears, drooping tail and the tail end bending up, and high relief spine. This modeling is vivid, and made by high technological level. It is a joint totemic statue, may be the image of Taihao tribal totem.

 

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Various bird models – 各種鳥的造型

                                           三．  各種鳥的造型

泛红山文化玉群中有多种鸟类的造型，其中以鹰与鸮的数量最大。由此可知，以鹰与鸮为图腾的氏族很强大，并且分布地域广阔。鹰和鸮是太昊、少昊族的图腾，也是东夷族的主图腾，他们主要分布于现在的中国的东北部和贝加尔湖地区。在末次冰期晚期他们跨越白令海峡到达美洲的西北部。在新时期时期他们是中国东部沿海地区的文明的重要创始者。

3.  Various bird modeling

There is a variety of jade birds in the Pan-hongshan cultural jade group; the largest number of them are the eagles and the owls. From this, we know that the clan with the eagle or owl as their totem were very strong and had a broad geographic distribution.  Eagle and owl is the Taihao and Shaohao family totem, and the main totem of the Dong Yi nationality. They mainly distributed in northeast China and the Lake Baikal region. In the late Last Ice Age, they had reached the northwest America across the Bering Strait. During the Neolithic period, they were important founders of civilization in the China’s southeast coast area.

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Fig 3.1

3.1 鹰

高14cm，宽14cm，厚4.2cm，重1080g。

全沁, 呈深红色, 间有棕、黄沁色斑斓色彩，表面有蚀斑。

其造型为一立姿展翅之鹰，双目呈球冠状突起，尖喙，饰有阴刻鼻孔。双翅贴于身体两侧，其上饰瓦沟纹，隐起三道圆折纹骨架。肩部耸起呈展翅欲飞状，腹部隆起，双足置于小腹前，以浮雕饰出鹰爪，尾翼呈折扇形，饰瓦沟纹。背面以压地及打洼法饰出双翅，无其它纹饰。颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。              泛红山文化玉群中此类造型的鹰很多，此鷹的造型是泛紅山文化玉群中最普遍的鷹的造型，它是東夷族重要的氏族图腾。此鹰体量较大，造型端庄，做工严谨，应属氏族首领代表权势之器。

  3.1. Eagle

High: 14cm, width: 14cm, thickness: 4.2cm, weight: 1080g.

The jade is full covered by corrosive dark red color with yellowish brown markings.

Its shape is a standing eagle with slightly spreading wings. It has hemispheric protruding eyes, sharp beak decorated with incised nostrils. There are corrugate patterns decorated on wings. Abdomen bulged, feet placed on the lower abdomen; the tail is in folding fan-shape. There is an ox nostrils-shaped hole back of its neck.

This is common shape of jade eagle in the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group; it is an important clan’s totem of East Yi Nationality. This large and beautiful jade eagle should belong to the clan’s leader on behalf of his power.

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                        FIG 3.2

3.2. 鸮

高5.3cm，宽4cm，厚1.8cm。

青玉，质优，棕、黄、红沁色。有蚀斑、蚀孔。

造型为一立姿鴞。大头，小身，面部只有一双环状大目，睛珠圆凸。双耳及羽冠呈倒三角形，呈棕红色，像是一顶棕红色的帽子，可谓巧沁。胸部有一对乳房，双足健劲，背生双翅，翅上饰蕉叶纹，似蝉翅。

此鴞造型生动，表现手法夸张，表现了作者敏锐的观察力和艺术的想象力。此鴞突现了一对乳房表明她是母系社会鴞氏族图腾。

3.2. Owl

High: 5.3cm, width: 4cm, thickness: 1.8cm.

The jade is high quality sapphire with corrosive red, brown and yellow markings.

It is a standing owl modeling. Its shape is: big head, small body, a pair of large circular eyes covered whole face, and the round eye beads protruding.  The crest is in inverted triangle-shape with brownish red color, it looks like a big beautiful hat with natural color, a pair of breasts on the chest, wings on the back, powerful feet. There is an ox nostril-shaped drilling hole back of its neck.

This jade owl is in vivid style with the exaggerated performance practices, it showed the keen observation and rich imagination of art of the maker. Because a pair of breasts of the owl was highlighted, so it was an owl clan totem of matriarchal society.

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FIG 3.3

3.3. 鹰

长5cm，宽4.8cm，厚2cm。

青玉，棕、灰沁色，有蚀斑。

其造型为一俯冲姿态之鹰。一双大目呈半球状突起，尖喙下弯。双翼后展，尾翼上翘，双足收于小腹部，呈俯冲猎食状。尾翼以打洼法饰折扇纹，背部平光，鹰之喙部有一对钻孔。

此鹰造型十分生动，是高水平的艺术品，在良渚文化玉器中也有与此相似的鹰的片状玉器。这表明良渚文化玉器也受到泛红山文化玉器的影响。

 

3.3. Eagle

Length: 5cm, width: 4.8cm, thickness: 2cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive brownish-gray markings.

The eagle is in diving posture. It has a pair of hemispheric protruding eyes, a bending downward sharp beak. Its wings spread backward, tail wing upturned, and feet affixed to abdomen. It looks like a diving predator. There are folding fan patterns decorated on its tail feathers and a hole drilling from both sides of its beak.

This eagle is very lively style and high level of art. There are some similar shapes of jade eagles among the Liangzhu Cultural jade pieces; it indicated that the Liangzhu culture was by the influence of Pan-Hongshan culture.

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                               FIG 3.4

3.4. 凤鸟背珠

长6.7cm，高3.8cm，厚2.5cm。

灰绿玉，玉质莹润，有灰皮及蚀斑，棕红沁色。

其造型为一长尾立姿凤鸟，其双翅卷起一玉珠置于背上。凤头朝前，双目圆突，尖喙内弯，胸部隆起，左右双翅各饰有两道一面坡纹饰表示羽毛；尾翼呈波纹状拖于地面，其上以打洼法饰出尾羽纹。玉珠为腰鼓形，中间有对钻直孔。此玉凤造型优美，加工技巧高超，是泛红山文化玉群中之珍品。值得注意的是流行于西周的一面坡技法始于泛红山文化玉器。顺便提一下，腰鼓形玉珠在泛红山文化期间和玉猪龙一样是极为普遍的吉祥物和护身符，它超越了人类的界限，遍及动物界以及外星生命。

3.4. Phoenix with a bead carrying

Length: 6.7cm, high: 3.8cm, thickness: 2.5cm.

It is celadon jade with corrosive reddish brown markings.

This is a long tail phoenix in standing posture and with a bead which was hold by its curly wings on the back. Its shape is: face forward, eyes convex, sharp beak bending downward, chest uplift, both left and right wings decorated by corrugated patterns, wave-shaped tail wing dragging on the ground. The bead is in waist drum-shaped with a lateral straight drilling hole.

This jade phoenix is in beautiful style with superb processing techniques. It is a treasure of Pan-Hongshan culture. It is noteworthy that the “one side slope” jade-making techniques that popular in West Zhou Dynasty began in Pan-Hongshan cultural period. By the way, during the pan-hongshan cultural period, the waist drum shaped beads just as the pig-dragon were the most popular mascots and amulets, they have gone beyond the limits of human life throughout the animal kingdom so as to aliens.

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FIG 3.5

3.5.鹰、龟组合佩

   高6cm，宽2cm，厚3cm。

灰绿玉，棕红沁色，有灰皮。

造型为一鹰立于一龟壳之上。鹰的双目圆凸，双翅贴于身体侧后，尾翼上捲，腹部圆凸。龟壳由上下两半合成，上半龟壳两端略上翘，两半中间有对钻漏斗孔。鹰之颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。这种组合佩有联合氏族图腾的寓意。

 

3.5. Eagle and Turtle combinative ornament

High: 6cm, width: 2cm, thickness: 3cm.

It is celadon jade with corrosive reddish brown color.

It is a combinative modeling; its shape is an eagle standing on a turtle shell. The eagle’s shape is: round convex eyes, wings affixed to its back, upturned tail, bulged belly. The turtle shell is a synthetic from the upper and lower two parts, there is a straight hole between them drilled from both ends, and in funnel-shape at its both ends. The upper shell slightly upturned at both ends. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole back of the eagle’s neck. This combinative ornament has the connotation of the joined clan totem.

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Various Dragon Modeling – 各种龙的造型

二．各种龙的造型

龙是中国传统文化最具有象征性的代表。泛红山文化玉群中有多种龙的造型。其中受到普遍尊崇的龙有两种，即“C”形龙和猪龙。这两种龙超越了某一氏族的范围，它们是世间甚至是宇宙间普遍的灵物，它们也有男性的寓意。另外，还有很多奇特的龙与其它动物的组合及融合造型。

                        2. Various dragon modeling

  The dragon is the most symbolic representation of Chinese traditional culture. There are many different shapes of jade dragon in the Pan-hongshan jade group, two kinds of them were widely respected, they are “C” shaped dragon and Pig-dragon, and both of them were far beyond the scope of a clan totem. They are the universal spiritual idols of the world or even the universe; they also have the connotation of the male. There are also a lot of fantastic combinative modeling and integrative modeling of dragon with other animals among the Pan-Hongshan jade group.

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Fig 2.1

2.1   “C”形玉龙

高28.5cm，身体横断间直径约3.5cm，重约2500克。

青玉，有灰皮，头部有棕红沁色。

其造型为典型红山文化玉器中“C”字形玉龙的形状。吻部前凸，有一对阴刻鼻孔，闭口，双目突出，呈水滴形，以剔地法饰出。下颌有菱形网络纹，颈部有鬣，鬣之端部上 翘，鬣边倒角锋利，鬣后有一对钻斜孔。这种“C”形龙被称为中华第一玉龙。

2.1. “C”-shaped dragon

High: 28.5cm, the cross section of the body is in round shape and its diameter is 3.5cm, weight: 2500g.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive gray skin and reddish markings on the head.

Its shape is a typical “C” shaped dragon of Hongshan culture. It has protrusive snout, a pair of incised nostrils, a pair of convex drop-shaped eyes, and a long mane behind the neck. There are diamond shaped grid patterns under the jaw, and a double bevel hole behind the mane. The “C” shape dragon is known as Chinese first jade dragon.

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Fig 2.2

2.2     猪龙

高12.4cm，宽8cm，厚3cm。

青玉，玉质莹润，有冰裂纹，白雾状及土黄沁色，有蚀斑、蚀孔及土咬现象。生坑，带有棕色土斑。

这是泛红山文化中最常见的玉龙造型。它有一个大头和环形的身体，首尾相接，其眼、鼻、口与上额主要以打洼及精磨法饰出，仅睛珠周边及牙齿以阴刻线饰出；眼呈环形，睛珠突起，眼眶以打洼法隐起一凸棱；前额高凸，鼻梁凹 陷，鼻以突起之波浪纹饰之；口微张，上唇呈波纹状，下唇平直，左右皆以阴刻线饰出一对利齿；耳呈弧形环立于头顶至脑后；器之中央有对钻大孔，颈后有一对钻小孔，首尾间沿中心孔径方向有一缺口，切口平齐。此猪龙之玉质、造型与加工均属上乘。此龙的头似猪头，故称猪龙。这类的环形或玦形龙在泛红山文化玉群中很多。猪龙和“C”形龙是当时受到最广泛尊崇的神灵。

2.2. Pig-dragon

High: 12.4cm, width: 8cm, thickness: 3cm,

The jade is high quality sapphire with whitish and yellowish mist color.

This is a very popular kind of jade dragon modeling of Pan-Hongshan culture. It has a big head and curled body and connected end to end. The face shape is:  ring-shaped big eyes with round convex eye beads, high forehead, low nasal bridge, corrugated upper lip, straight lower lip, a pair of sharp teeth on both sides, a pair of curved large ears standing on its head. There is a small bifacial hole back of the neck. Between the head and tail there is a gap. This kind of dragon which has beast head and slotted-ring shaped body is known as pig-dragon, it is the most popular shape of jade dragons in Pan-Hongshan cultural period. The pig dragon and the “C” shape dragon were widely respected deities at that time.

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Fig 2.3

2.3   鸟首翼龙顶蛙人

高6cm，宽3.5cm，厚2cm。

墨玉，质优，蜡状光泽，有灰皮。

此龙的造型与猪龙相似，不同在于它有翼、鳥喙、和一双鸟足。一蛙首怪人趴于其头 颈部。带翼鸟喙玦形龙在泛红山玉群中并不鲜见，这种龙是女性的图腾。蛙首怪人头似蛙，双目圆凸，前臂与颈前伸趴 伏在龙的头顶，臀部高翘，后腿弯曲，小腿贴于龙之颈 后，整个身体似青蛙欲向前跳跃状。龙之颈后有一对钻圆孔。蛙首人是女娲氏族的图腾形象，此造像表明鸟首翼龙也是女娲氏族的保护神。

2.3. A frogman carried by dragon

High: 6cm, width: 3.5cm, thickness: 2cm.

The jade is high quality black jade with waxy luster and corrosive gray markings.

Its shape is a frogman who stands on a dragon head. The dragon’s shape is similar to the pig dragon showed in Fig 2.2; the differences are that it has a bird head, bird wings and a pair of bird’s feet. The frogman’s shape is: frog head, human body, round convex eyes; his legs squatted and stands on the dragon’s neck, his hands stretch forward and place on the dragon’s head. The frogman is the frog clan’s totem, and the dragon with bird’s head and wings is female totem, so this dragon statue is the protective goddess of Nuwa clan. (Nuwa is original Chinese ancestress, and the frog was the totem of her clan).

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Fig 2.4

2.4    河马、猪龙组合

长6cm，宽2cm，高3.5cm。

青玉，玉质温润，有灰皮，棕黄沁色。

其造型为一河马头，颈上立一小猪龙。河马之双目圆凸，眉骨呈月牙形突起，双耳斜立于眉骨后方，眉眼间起一凸棱；鼻翼高凸，外翻，鼻孔朝前，鼻口间有一横向凸棱；双唇突起，口微张，嘴角处有一横向对钻圆孔；颈部粗壮，其末端饰一腰鼓形珠，沿珠之中心线有一横向管钻圆孔。颈上猪龙高约 1.5cm，形状较典型，其双目圆突， 环形双耳立于头顶，口前噘，首尾相接呈环形，中间有一对钻圆孔。

河马生活于非洲，猪龙是泛红山文化先民最普遍的崇拜 物，这表示泛红山文化地区先民与非洲先民曾有过友好往来。顺便提一下，腰鼓形玉珠是当时很普遍的护身符。

2.4. The combinative ornament of hippo and pig dragon

Length: 6cm, width: 2cm, high: 3.5cm.

The jade is high quality sapphire with corrosive gray skin and reddish brown markings.

Its shape is a hippo’s head and a pig dragon standing behind. The shape of the hippo’s head is: round convex eyes, crescent-shaped protruding brow, ears standing behind the brow, a convex edge between the brows, big nose, nostrils forward, a horizontal convex ridge between nose and mouth, lips protruding, mouth slightly open, a lateral hole drilled from both side of mouth. There is a drum pearl at the end of its neck.  The pig dragon is in typical shape.

Hippos lived in Africa; pig dragon was the common object of worship of the Pan-Hongshan cultural ancestors, this modeling indicated that our ancestors have had friendly cultural exchanges between Pan-Hongshan cultural area and Africa.  By the way, the waist drum shaped pearl was very popular amulet at that time.

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Fig 2.5

 

2.5     猪龙、鸟组合佩

高5.7cm，宽5.4cm，厚1.4cm。

青玉，质优，褐色沁色。

其造型为一猪龙背驮一鸟。猪龙形状为环眼、双目突起， 噘嘴、耳未饰出。其身体呈环形。鸟与猪龙背对，鸟之双目呈半球状突起，大喙，羽翼贴于背后，尾翼前翘，鸟之胸前有突起的乳房。猪龙颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。

此珮是龙与鸟的组合形式，其中鸟为女性，猪龙代表男性。 二者之组合有阴阳组合之意。这种龙、鸟组合的形式一直被继承并演化成为商、周以来的中华龙凤文化。

2.5. A combinative ornament of a bird and a dragon

High: 5.7m, width: 5.4cm, thickness: 1.4cm.

The jade is high quality sapphire with brown markings.

Its shape is a pig dragon and a bird together. The shape of the pig dragon is: ring-shaped convex eyes, pouting snout, round head and curved body. The shape of the bird is: hemispheric protruding eyes, big beak, wings affixed to the back, a pair of plump breasts. The posture of them is in back to back. There is an ox nostrils-shaped hole on the back of the pig dragon’s neck.

This modeling highlights that this bird is female, but the pig dragon stands for male, so it has the meaning of combining the female and male or Yin and Yang. People followed this art form and gradually have evolved into the Chinese Dragon-Phoenix culture during the Shang and Zhou period, which has been continuing up to now.

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Fig 2.6

2.6   龙鹰融合佩

高 6.5cm，宽 3.5cm，厚 1.5cm。

熊胆青玉，红褐沁色。

造型为一龙身之鸟。鸟首似鹰首，双目突起，大喙呈弯钩 状，双翅贴于身体两侧，展翅状，身似蛇，尾内弯呈环状。 此器为鸟首龙身图腾造像。很像是在南美洲受到普遍尊敬的羽蛇神-奎札科特尔造像。与图1.13比较可知羽蛇神有人首或鸟首两种造像。

2.6. Dragon and eagle integrated modeling

High: 6.5cm, width: 3.5cm, thickness: 1.5cm.

The jade is in bile color with reddish brown markings.

Its shape is an eagle with dragon’s body. It has protruding eyes, large hook-shaped beak, it wings spread upward, it has a dragon body and the tail curled into ring-shape. It looks like the Feathered Serpent God who is widely respected god in South America named Quetzalcoatl. It is in different shape of the god from the one showing in Fig 1.13，both of them are the same god-Quetzalcoatl.