七．生殖文化与性文化
泛红山文化时期我们人类的数量很少，人类自身的繁衍是当时十分重要的社会问题，是关系到氏族的生存和发展的头等大事。因此，生殖崇拜是当时原始宗教的重要内容，与生殖文化直接相关的性文化也倍受推崇。当时世界各地都是如此，世界很多地方都有原始生殖崇拜和性崇拜的遗迹，很多早期的绘画和雕塑内容与生殖和性相关。
在泛红山文化玉群中与生殖崇拜和性崇拜的相关造型很多，并且有很高的艺术性，绝无色情和淫秽之意。当时的人们和现代人的观念不同，对于性的观念没有人为的遮羞布，一切作品皆为真实感情的自然流露。给人们的感觉是自然、朴实、生动、活泼，并且妙趣横生，使我们不得不叹服先民们的艺术创造力。与生殖文化的相关造型中有些是人与动物交媾的造型，这些造型并非荒诞，它们是与氏族图腾传说相关的造型。
- Reproductive culture and sexual culture
During the Pan-Hongshan cultural period, there was only small number of human, so the reproduction of human beings was the top priority. Thus, the reproductive worship was an important part of the primitive religion then, and the sexual culture which directly related to the reproductive culture was highly regarded. At that time the similar circumstances appeared all over the world, many original reproductive and sexual cultural relics have been found in many parts of the world, such as the early paintings and sculptures related to the reproductive and sexual worship.
There were many modeling related to the reproductive and sexual worship among the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group. These modeling has high artistic quality, no pornography and obscenity meanings. At that time people’s concepts were different from the modern people, there was no the fig leaf for the sexual, and all of the works were the expression of authentic natural emotion, to give people the feeling is natural, simple, vivid, and lively and fun. So we had to gasp in admiration the artistic creativity of our ancestors. Among the modeling related to reproductive culture, some of intercourse between human and animal appeared, these modeling are not absurd; they are the image associated with clan totemic legends.
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Fig 7.1
7.1 生殖之神
长13cm，宽8.5cm。
青玉，部分有灰皮。棕红沁色，有蚀斑，蚀孔。
该神灵面形似猴，双目突出，鼻梁贯于头顶，嘴前噘，一双大耳贴于脑后，头戴”△“冠或称戴胜。颈部有一项链。身体形状似鸟，身体两侧有双翅。神灵为女性，胸前有一对乳房，阴部突出，占去整个腹部的位置，其雕琢十分写实，阴户，阴唇，阴毛、肛门等尽皆饰出。阴道为一斜孔。身体背面有一勺形凹陷，背面下端有一台阶。脑后有一对钻牛鼻穿。现在河南淮阳的人祖庙会泥塑多有融合体、生殖之神造像。有的作品与此件玉饰十分相象，也是猴面，身体部位突显女阴。有学者认为这是太昊伏羲氏族图腾，可能是母祖女娲造像。
7.1 The reproductive goddess
Length: 13cm, width: 8.5cm.
The jade is sapphire with corrosive gray skin and reddish brown markings.
This is a complex goddess modeling, she has a monkey face and bird body. Her shape is: protruding eyes, the bridge of nose up to forehead, pouting mouth, and large ears affixed to the back of the head, wore a triangle-shaped crown named hoopoe, and a necklace, wings affixed to the sides of body. She has a pair of breasts on the chest; the prominent genital occupied the most part of the abdomen. The carving is very realistic, the vulva, labia, pubic hair, anus were all showed, the vagina is a slant-hole. There is a spoon-shaped depression on the back and a stair at the lower end of the back. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole behind its head. Up to now, we can see many reproductive goddess statues in the temples of Huaiyang County, Henan province, some of them were very similar to this one which is the monkey face and highlighted the vulva. Some scholars believe that this is the clan totem of Taihao Fuxi, may be Nuwa’s totemic image.
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Fig 7.2
- 7.2 乾坤合璧
直径14cm，厚3cm。
青玉，质优，表面有一层黄色玉皮。
此圆形玉饰是写实性生殖崇拜作品，中央是女阴，周边有二男性生殖器环抱，二阴茎共一对睾丸。女阴阴唇略翘起，通往阴道处有一圆槽圆槽底部周边有一沟槽，槽底有一小孔打通至反面。阴户部分饰以斜线纹，其余部分皆以打洼及磨制而成。反面成球台形，中间有一直径为6.7cm的球冠形凹槽。二龟头相接处有一缺口，玉饰之反面沿此缺口的直径方向有一沟槽。此璧设计奇巧，加工难度很大。此玉饰是原始生殖崇拜的重要物证。笔者称之为 “乾坤合璧”即阴阳合璧的意思。从该玉饰的造型可以看出它是以女子为中心的母系社会的作品。此玉饰并非璧，只是其形略似璧，笔者用“合璧”一词是指将阴、阳组合为一体。
7.2 Combinative ornament of yin and yang
Diameter: 14cm, thickness: 3cm.
The jade is sapphire with corrosive yellow skin.
This circular jade ornament is a work of realistic reproduction worship, the central vulva surrounded by two male genitals. The vulva lips curled slightly; there is a hole through the vagina to the back. The part of vulva was decorated with diamond patterns. The opposite is a concave surface. There is a gap between the two glanses, and there is a groove on the opposite along the diameter direction. This ornament is very ingenious design, and processing is very difficult. It is an important evidence of primordial reproductive worship. We called it the “combinative ornament of yin and yang”, it means the yin and yang combined as one, here the word “yin and yang” means female and male, from its shape we know that it was a woman- centered matriarchal society work.
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Fig 7.3
- 3 男女交媾玉饰
长5.7cm，高3.7cm，厚1.5cm。
墨玉，质优，蜡状光泽，有灰皮和蚀斑。
其造型为男女二人坐姿交媾形态。男子双腿前伸略分开一人宽，双手支撑于地面，仰首，面朝天。女子坐于男子两小腿之间，双手握于男子双足，双腿前伸，双足置于男子腰间，双乳向斜上方突起，仰首，面朝天。二者阴部相对，男子将阴茎插入女阴。二者皆吊梢眼，高鼻梁，小嘴，男子之头形较大，面庞也较宽。整体造型生动，线条流畅，工艺精湛。
7.3 The sexual intercourse ornament
Length: 5.7cm, high: 3.7cm, thickness: 1.5m.
It is made of high quality black jade with waxy luster and corrosive gray markings.
This is a modeling of sexual intercourse of a man and a woman; both of them are in sitting posture. The man reached his legs and slightly separated, hands supported on the ground, and looked up. The woman sited between the two legs of the man, and held the man’s feet in her hands, legs reached and placed on the sides of man’s waist, breasts protruded obliquely upward, and face forward. The man inserted the penis to the vulva. The overall shape of the modeling is vivid and exquisite workmanship.
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Fig 7.4
7.4 熊人交媾玉饰
长16cm，高11cm，厚5cm。
黄玉，质佳。红色沁色，灰色蚀斑，沁色很美。
其造型为一熊与一女子交媾，女子之双目上挑，蒜头鼻，口微张，头顶两侧各有一发髻，双腿跪于地面，小臂支撑于地面，背部弓起，仰首面向前方，双乳发达。熊的形象是熊头人身，立于女子后方，双腿微屈，双足立于女子小腿两侧，前臂抱于女子腰部。熊首朝前，枣核形双目突出，双耳立起，张口，吐出长舌。熊尾贴于臀部，阴部饰出一对睾丸。事实上，此熊是熊氏族图腾的形象。
7.4 The intercourse of bear and woman
Length: 16cm, high: 11cm, thickness: 5cm.
The jade is high quality topaz with corrosive pits and beautiful red markings.
This modeling is a bear and a woman to make sex. The woman’s shape is: sloping upward eyes, garlic-shaped nose, slightly opened mouth, two buns on each side of the head, face forward, well-developed breasts, and body in arched back prone posture. The image of the bear is bear head and human body; it stood behind the woman and feet on both sides of the woman, bent legs, held the woman’s waist with two hands, and face forward. It has date kernel-shaped eyes, erect ears, opened mouth and elongated tongue. The bear’s tail affixed to its buttock, a pair of testicles was showed, in fact, it is the totemic image of bear clan.
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Fig 7.5
7.5 神人交媾玉饰
高17cm，宽10cm，厚5.5cm。
墨玉，有灰皮，部分腐蚀呈金红色。
其造型为男、女二神人交媾。男子头型特大，双目圆凸，似金鱼眼。扁鼻，鼻孔朝前。大嘴，似鱼嘴，微张。双眉伸向脑后，双耳生于头顶两侧，耳尖端指向后方，脑后有双峰形突起，似二角。高颧骨，双手置于胸前，手指下指。双腿弯曲，一双大脚似鸭掌。上肢很发达，身体和腰都很细。腹部向前隆起，阴茎大而长，伸向女子阴部。女子体形娇小，但乳房硕大，挺于胸前，五官端正，头略上仰望着男子的头，口微张，微笑状，头发分四缕，披向脑后。双手抱住男子龟头置于阴部，双腿弯曲，一双大脚似鸭掌。从男子的造型看，他好像是生活于水中的神人。他们是生殖之神，是东方的亚当和夏娃。
7.5 The intercourse of aliens
High: 17cm, width: 10cm, thickness: 5.5cm.
It is made of black jade with corrosive gray and golden red skin.
The modeling is two heterosexual aliens to make love. The male’s shape is: big head, golden fish face, a pair of big popping eyes like bulbs, big mouth like fish mouth, flat nose forward, long eyebrows, high cheekbones, ears affixed to the sides of head, ear tip pointed to the rear, two peak-shaped horns on the head. His hands placed on his chest and fingers pointed downward, legs bent, big feet like duck feet, well-developed upper body, slender waist, bulged abdomen, big and long penis stretched to the female’s genital. The female has a petite body, but huge breasts bulged on the chest, smiling handsome face, and her head slightly rose up to look the male’s face, four strands of hair were hung to the back of head, hands held the male’s glans to put in her vulva, bent legs , big feet like duck’s feet.
From the shape of the two aliens of view, they seem to live in the water; they should be the water aliens. They are the aliens of reproduction, the Eastern Adam and Eve.
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Pan Hong Shan Jade (泛红山文化) 