外星生命 – Extraterrestrial living bodies

                                         八．外星生命

 

在泛红山文化玉群中，令人感到十分惊异的是其中占相当比例的一部分外星生命体造型的玉器。这些生命体呈现出多种多样的形式，有的似人，有的似兽类、鸟类或昆虫，还有不同物种的融合或组合形式。它们的出现更使得泛红山文化玉群在史前文化中独具特色，在世界范围内的考古文化中也是一大奇观。泛红山文化玉群中如此众多形象生动、制作精巧的外星生命造型不会是原始先民的臆造，事实上它们是与当时的原始宗教相关的造型，或有其真实的背景。

融合体的造型在泛红山文化玉群中所占的比例相当大，多种不同生物的融合造型也是泛红山文化玉群的突出特点，它自然会使人们联想到：有部分的外星人它们掌握了遗传基因的改造技术， 可将不同物种融合为一体，也可将外星生命和地球生命融合为一体。所以很多融合体造型不一定是从外星而来，它们可能是实验室的产物。而这些融合体很可能仍生活在我们的地球上，以至我们现代人自身也可能是早期的地球人和高智能外星生命的融合体。

8. Extraterrestrial living bodies

Among the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group, the most surprising is that a considerable proportion jade pieces in various shape of extraterrestrial living body; some of them are people like, some like beasts, birds or insects, as well as the integration or combination of different species. These made the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group unique in the prehistoric cultures, and it is the great spectacle in the archaeological cultures of the world. So many vivid, ingenious shapes of extraterrestrial living body would not be imaginary by the Pan-Hongshan people; in fact these shapes related to the primitive worships or had their true background.

The modeling of integrated body occupies a large proportion in Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group, many different integrated biological modeling is a prominent cultural character of Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group. It is natural to make people think that some of extraterrestrial mastered the genetic transformation technology, and integrated different species together into new living body, as well as to make the extraterrestrial life and the life lived on earth together into new living body. So many integrated living bodies are not necessarily come from the alien; they may be the products of the laboratory. These integrated living bodies are likely to continue to live in our planet, and our modern people may also be the integrated bodies of the highly intelligent alien and earth people in early time.

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                 Fig8.1

8.1. 长角外星人

高18.5cm，宽7.8cm，厚4cm。

青玉，有灰皮，棕、黄沁色，玉声轻悠。放大镜下可见表面有许多极细的裂痕，故沁色也呈现出条纹状。

其造型为一大头外星人，双目呈橄榄球状突起，眼眶起一脊棱；前额高凸，眼鼻之间有一横向脊棱；鼻似猪鼻前噘，鼻孔朝前，鼻下方饰两道横向凹槽，呈张口状，尖下颌贴于胸前；两耳似猴耳，贴于面颊后侧；头顶有一对直立的长角；双腿屈蹲，双手置于膝上，颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。此外星人造型奇特，加工精细，艺术水平与工艺水平都很高超。

• 8.1 Horned alien

 

High: 18.5cm, width: 7.8cm, thickness: 4cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive gray skin and brownish yellow markings.

This modeling is an alien with big head and long horns. Its shape is: protruding olive-shaped eyes with relief orbits, high convex forehead, and a horizontal ridge below the orbits, pouting muzzle and nostrils forward, two horizontal grooves decorated below the nose, opened mouth, acuminate jaw affixed to the chest, ears affixed to the cheeks, a pair of long vertical horns on the head, legs squatting, hands placed on knees. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole back of its neck. This is a fantastic alien modeling with fine processing; both of artistic and technological levels are superb.

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                       Fig 8.2

 

• 8.2 巨爪外星人

高6cm，宽2.2cm，厚2.9cm。

白玉，玉质莹润，有棕、黑沁色及红色血丝纹，有蚀斑、蚀孔。

其造型为大头、小身外星人。其头形窄而长，面部形状为：一双突起的水滴状大眼，短鼻梁，大鼻头，鼻孔外翻；大嘴微张，吐舌，两耳倒竖，似猴耳；头发在脑后上翘，饰有瓦沟纹。上体很小，双臂自面颊后面生出，小臂弯曲，双手置于腰间，手形很大似兽爪，每手三指；双腿屈蹲，腹部隆起，双足也各有三趾；颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。

• 8.2 Big claws alien

High: 6cm, width: 2.2cm, thickness: 2.9cm.

It is made of high quality white nephrite with corrosive pits and red brown and black markings.

This modeling is an alien with big head and small body. Its shape is: a narrow and long head, a pair of protruding drop-shaped eyes, big and short nose, nostrils turned out, slightly open mouth, protruding tongue, erect ears are monkey ears like, hair on the top of the head and upturned and decorated with groove patterns, upper body very small, the arms grew up from the back of the cheeks, and big hands are animal’s claw like, and placed on the sides of  waist, three fingers on each hand, legs squatted, three toes on each foot, bulged abdomen. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole back of the neck.

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                      Fig 8.3

 

•  8.3 跪拜姿外星人

高8.6cm，宽3.5cm，厚1cm。

青玉，红褐沁色，有蚀斑和蚀孔。

其造型为一外星女子双手合十于胸前，跪拜姿。该女子大头，双环状大目几乎覆盖整个面部，直鼻，小口，口前噘，微张，似念经状。发自头顶披向背后，颈后有一对钻圆孔。此玉饰为片状，头顶部两面有倒角。左、右两面面纹饰皆以打洼法饰出。鼻口饰于前侧面，形成立体效果。

• 8.3 Alien in kneeling and praying posture

 

High: 8.6cm, width: 3.5cm, thickness: 1cm.

It’s made of sapphire with corrosive pits and reddish brown markings.

This modeling is a female alien in kneeling posture with hands together in front. Its shape is: big head, ring-shaped big eyes almost covered the entire face, straight nose, small mouth pouting and slightly open, it seems chanting scripture. The hair was hung on the back. There is a drilling hole back of the neck. This modeling is a flake ornament, but it has three-dimensional effect, this is the consequence of the nose and mouth at the edge on the side.

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                                   Fig 8.4

• 8.4 顶鹰外星 人

高7cm，宽3.2cm，厚3cm。

青玉，有灰皮及棕红沁色。

其造型为一外星人，头上顶一展翅之鹰。外星人形象奇特，有头无身体，从颧骨两侧生出两支手臂，双臂弯曲，双手置下颌两侧。头型上宽下窄，双目呈半圆形突起，眉骨较高，鼻梁挺拔，蒜头鼻，闭口，双耳位置较高接近头顶，下颌前翘，像是一位瘦骨智慧老者的形象。鹰的形象为双腿弯曲，鹰爪紧抓老者额上之头发，双翅向上略展，头朝前，双目圆凸，鹰之背部下弯呈弓形。鹰之颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。这造型使我们连想到龙山文化玉器中有一鹰攫人首玉饰，其造型是一鹰攫二人首的片状玉饰，与此件相似，它有可能源自泛红山文化。

• 8.4 Eagle and alien

High: 7cm, width: 3.2cm, thickness: 3cm.

It is made of sapphire with brownish red markings.

This modeling is an eagle standing on an alien’s head. The shape of the alien is: only a head without body, two arms grew up from both sides of cheeks, hands placed on both sides of lower jaw, protruding semicircular-shaped eyes, garlic-shaped nose with straight nose bridge, closed mouth, ears affixed to the sides of top of the head, the mandible forward. It is a very strange image; it looks like a wise old man. The eagle’s shape is: head forward, wings spreading upward, convex eyes, bending strong legs, talons clutching the alien’s head. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole back of its neck. This model remind us of the flake jade image in the Longshan culture, its shape is an eagle clutched two human heads, it is similar to this piece, it can be seen that this Longshan jade piece is the inheritance of Pan-Hongshan cultural.

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                                   Fig 8.5

 

•  8.5 鸭嘴水怪

高13厘米，宽7厘米，厚10厘米。

青玉，棕红沁色，有灰皮。

造型为一大头蹲姿怪兽，其面部形为：双目圆凸，环形眼眶，鼻孔外翻，鼻翼突起，双眉竖立，眉端分叉。眉间突起一双“V”字形角。宽大的鸭嘴，上唇边外翻，上唇中间有一脊棱。耳似犀牛耳，立于脑后。身似人体，前肢较细后肢状硕，手足皆为三趾。造型奇特生动，工艺难度很高。

1938年，在东欧波罗的海的爱沙尼亚朱明达海滩，曾有人发现类似的鸭嘴怪兽，它见到人便逃入海中。据此，我们可称此怪兽为“鸭嘴水怪”。无独有偶，在南美洲的奥尔梅克文化中也有刻有文字的玉制鸭嘴怪造型。

• 8.5 Duck beak-water monster

 High: 13cm, width: 7cm, thickness: 10cm.

It is made of sapphire with corrosive reddish brown markings.

It is a monster with a big head and duck beak in squatting posture. Its shape is: round convex eyes with ring-shaped orbit, garlic-shaped nose with nostrils turned outward, bifurcated eyebrows, a pair of V-shaped horns protruding between the eyebrows, large beak, the upper lip upturned and with a ridge on the middle of it, rhino ear like ears standing on the head, its body like human body, smaller forelimbs, and strong hind legs, both of its hand and foot are bird claws like, and three fingers on each hand, and three toes on each foot. This shape of the modeling is strange and vivid, and with the difficult process.

In 1938, on the Baltic beaches in Estonia, Eastern Europe, some people saw a similar monster with a duck beak which escaped into sea when it knew that some people were watching it. Accordingly, we can call the monster as a “duck beak-water monster”. Coincidentally, the Olmec culture in South America also appeared the similar jade duck beak-monster statue.

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                        Fig 8.6

 

•  8.6 外星骷髅

高5cm，宽3.5cm，厚1.9cm。

白玉，玉质莹润，棕、灰沁色。

其造型为一外星人头骨。其轮廓似一鸟，口及下颌以上似鸟的上身，下颌及口部似鸟的尾翼。正面以圆雕饰出骷髅的形状，反面基本上平光，只有口部及下颌部背面为一凹面，凹面上方两侧饰有“人”字形斜槽。正面上方有一从两侧对钻的“ 8 ”字形大眼眶，两眼间鼻梁骨凹陷，其下方有一小圆孔使双眼连通，两眼间眉骨尖突下弯；鼻骨隆起于眼眶下方，呈凸弧形；鼻端骨略上翘，两鼻孔间有一横向圆孔，使二鼻孔连通。眼眶下方颧骨呈弯钩状，在鼻骨两侧突起两凸棱，凸棱下方下颌部与口部变窄。口很大呈弧形，有上、下两排牙齿。头顶有一对钻牛鼻穿

此外星骷髅形状奇特，结构复杂，加工难度很大，造此骷髅的目的应是这类外星人向地球人传达他们的信息，特别是以优质玉石制作更是希望它们保存长久，使后人有机会见到。

• 8.6 Alien skull

 

High: 5cm, width: 3.5cm, thickness: 1.9cm.

It is made of white jade with corrosive brown markings.

This is an alien skull modeling. Its outline looks like a bird, above the mouth like the bird’s upper body, and the mouth and the jaw like the bird’s tail. The positive surface is decorated with the high relief processing; the opposite is flat, only the back of the mouth and the jaw concave and with V-shaped grooves on both sides. The shape on the positive is: a pair of glasses-shaped eyes, sunken nasal bone between the eyes, below which there is a hole to connect the eyes, the tip of the nose bone protruding; there is a horizontal round hole between the nostrils, hook-shaped cheek bones with convex edges, large curved mouth with upper and lower teeth. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole on the top of the head. The shape of the alien skull is oddly, and with complex structure and difficult process. The purpose to make the alien skull model should be the aliens communicated their message to the earth; especially using the high quality jade to make it is for saving it a long time, so that the future generations have an opportunity to see it.

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Reproductive culture and sexual culture – 生殖文化与性文化

                       七．生殖文化与性文化

泛红山文化时期我们人类的数量很少，人类自身的繁衍是当时十分重要的社会问题，是关系到氏族的生存和发展的头等大事。因此，生殖崇拜是当时原始宗教的重要内容，与生殖文化直接相关的性文化也倍受推崇。当时世界各地都是如此，世界很多地方都有原始生殖崇拜和性崇拜的遗迹，很多早期的绘画和雕塑内容与生殖和性相关。

在泛红山文化玉群中与生殖崇拜和性崇拜的相关造型很多，并且有很高的艺术性，绝无色情和淫秽之意。当时的人们和现代人的观念不同，对于性的观念没有人为的遮羞布，一切作品皆为真实感情的自然流露。给人们的感觉是自然、朴实、生动、活泼，并且妙趣横生，使我们不得不叹服先民们的艺术创造力。与生殖文化的相关造型中有些是人与动物交媾的造型，这些造型并非荒诞，它们是与氏族图腾传说相关的造型。

 

7. Reproductive culture and sexual culture

During the Pan-Hongshan cultural period, there was only small number of human, so the reproduction of human beings was the top priority. Thus, the reproductive worship was an important part of the primitive religion then, and the sexual culture which directly related to the reproductive culture was highly regarded. At that time the similar circumstances appeared all over the world, many original reproductive and sexual cultural relics have been found in many parts of the world, such as the early paintings and sculptures related to the reproductive and sexual worship.

There were many modeling related to the reproductive and sexual worship among the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group. These modeling has high artistic quality, no pornography and obscenity meanings. At that time people’s concepts were different from the modern people, there was no the fig leaf for the sexual, and all of the works were the expression of authentic natural emotion, to give people the feeling is natural, simple, vivid, and lively and fun. So we had to gasp in admiration the artistic creativity of our ancestors. Among the modeling related to reproductive culture, some of intercourse between human and animal appeared, these modeling are not absurd; they are the image associated with clan totemic legends.

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                               Fig 7.1

 

7.1 生殖之神

长13cm，宽8.5cm。

青玉，部分有灰皮。棕红沁色，有蚀斑，蚀孔。

该神灵面形似猴，双目突出，鼻梁贯于头顶，嘴前噘，一双大耳贴于脑后，头戴”△“冠或称戴胜。颈部有一项链。身体形状似鸟，身体两侧有双翅。神灵为女性，胸前有一对乳房，阴部突出，占去整个腹部的位置，其雕琢十分写实，阴户，阴唇，阴毛、肛门等尽皆饰出。阴道为一斜孔。身体背面有一勺形凹陷，背面下端有一台阶。脑后有一对钻牛鼻穿。现在河南淮阳的人祖庙会泥塑多有融合体、生殖之神造像。有的作品与此件玉饰十分相象，也是猴面，身体部位突显女阴。有学者认为这是太昊伏羲氏族图腾，可能是母祖女娲造像。

7.1 The reproductive goddess

Length: 13cm, width: 8.5cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive gray skin and reddish brown markings.

This is a complex goddess modeling, she has a monkey face and bird body. Her shape is: protruding eyes, the bridge of nose up to forehead, pouting mouth, and large ears affixed to the back of the head, wore a triangle-shaped crown named hoopoe, and a necklace, wings affixed to the sides of body. She has a pair of breasts on the chest; the prominent genital occupied the most part of the abdomen. The carving is very realistic, the vulva, labia, pubic hair, anus were all showed, the vagina is a slant-hole. There is a spoon-shaped depression on the back and a stair at the lower end of the back. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole behind its head. Up to now, we can see many reproductive goddess statues in the temples of Huaiyang County, Henan province, some of them were very similar to this one which is the monkey face and highlighted the vulva. Some scholars believe that this is the clan totem of Taihao Fuxi, may be Nuwa’s totemic image.

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                                           Fig 7.2

 

7. 7.2 乾坤合璧

直径14cm，厚3cm。

青玉，质优，表面有一层黄色玉皮。

此圆形玉饰是写实性生殖崇拜作品，中央是女阴，周边有二男性生殖器环抱，二阴茎共一对睾丸。女阴阴唇略翘起，通往阴道处有一圆槽圆槽底部周边有一沟槽，槽底有一小孔打通至反面。阴户部分饰以斜线纹，其余部分皆以打洼及磨制而成。反面成球台形，中间有一直径为6.7cm的球冠形凹槽。二龟头相接处有一缺口，玉饰之反面沿此缺口的直径方向有一沟槽。此璧设计奇巧，加工难度很大。此玉饰是原始生殖崇拜的重要物证。笔者称之为 “乾坤合璧”即阴阳合璧的意思。从该玉饰的造型可以看出它是以女子为中心的母系社会的作品。此玉饰并非璧，只是其形略似璧，笔者用“合璧”一词是指将阴、阳组合为一体。

7.2  Combinative ornament of yin and yang

 Diameter: 14cm, thickness: 3cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive yellow skin.

This circular jade ornament is a work of realistic reproduction worship, the central vulva surrounded by two male genitals. The vulva lips curled slightly; there is a hole through the vagina to the back. The part of vulva was decorated with diamond patterns. The opposite is a concave surface. There is a gap between the two glanses, and there is a groove on the opposite along the diameter direction. This ornament is very ingenious design, and processing is very difficult. It is an important evidence of primordial reproductive worship. We called it the “combinative ornament of yin and yang”, it means the yin and yang combined as one, here the word “yin and yang” means female and male, from its shape we know that it was a woman- centered matriarchal society work.

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                                       Fig 7.3

7. 3 男女交媾玉饰

长5.7cm，高3.7cm，厚1.5cm。

墨玉，质优，蜡状光泽，有灰皮和蚀斑。

其造型为男女二人坐姿交媾形态。男子双腿前伸略分开一人宽，双手支撑于地面，仰首，面朝天。女子坐于男子两小腿之间，双手握于男子双足，双腿前伸，双足置于男子腰间，双乳向斜上方突起，仰首，面朝天。二者阴部相对，男子将阴茎插入女阴。二者皆吊梢眼，高鼻梁，小嘴，男子之头形较大，面庞也较宽。整体造型生动，线条流畅，工艺精湛。

7.3 The sexual intercourse ornament

Length: 5.7cm, high: 3.7cm, thickness: 1.5m.

It is made of high quality black jade with waxy luster and corrosive gray markings.

This is a modeling of sexual intercourse of a man and a woman; both of them are in sitting posture. The man reached his legs and slightly separated, hands supported on the ground, and looked up. The woman sited between the two legs of the man, and held the man’s feet in her hands, legs reached and placed on the sides of man’s waist, breasts protruded obliquely upward, and face forward. The man inserted the penis to the vulva. The overall shape of the modeling is vivid and exquisite workmanship.

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                                         Fig 7.4                                                   

 

7.4  熊人交媾玉饰

长16cm，高11cm，厚5cm。

黄玉，质佳。红色沁色，灰色蚀斑，沁色很美。

其造型为一熊与一女子交媾，女子之双目上挑，蒜头鼻，口微张，头顶两侧各有一发髻，双腿跪于地面，小臂支撑于地面，背部弓起，仰首面向前方，双乳发达。熊的形象是熊头人身，立于女子后方，双腿微屈，双足立于女子小腿两侧，前臂抱于女子腰部。熊首朝前，枣核形双目突出，双耳立起，张口，吐出长舌。熊尾贴于臀部，阴部饰出一对睾丸。事实上，此熊是熊氏族图腾的形象。

7.4 The intercourse of bear and woman

 Length: 16cm, high: 11cm, thickness: 5cm.

The jade is high quality topaz with corrosive pits and beautiful red markings.

This modeling is a bear and a woman to make sex. The woman’s shape is: sloping upward eyes, garlic-shaped nose, slightly opened mouth, two buns on each side of the head, face forward, well-developed breasts, and body in arched back prone posture. The image of the bear is bear head and human body; it stood behind the woman and feet on both sides of the woman, bent legs, held the woman’s waist with two hands, and face forward. It has date kernel-shaped eyes, erect ears, opened mouth and elongated tongue. The bear’s tail affixed to its buttock, a pair of testicles was showed, in fact, it is the totemic image of bear clan.

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                       Fig 7.5

7.5 神人交媾玉饰

高17cm，宽10cm，厚5.5cm。

墨玉，有灰皮，部分腐蚀呈金红色。

其造型为男、女二神人交媾。男子头型特大，双目圆凸，似金鱼眼。扁鼻，鼻孔朝前。大嘴，似鱼嘴，微张。双眉伸向脑后，双耳生于头顶两侧，耳尖端指向后方，脑后有双峰形突起，似二角。高颧骨，双手置于胸前，手指下指。双腿弯曲，一双大脚似鸭掌。上肢很发达，身体和腰都很细。腹部向前隆起，阴茎大而长，伸向女子阴部。女子体形娇小，但乳房硕大，挺于胸前，五官端正，头略上仰望着男子的头，口微张，微笑状，头发分四缕，披向脑后。双手抱住男子龟头置于阴部，双腿弯曲，一双大脚似鸭掌。从男子的造型看，他好像是生活于水中的神人。他们是生殖之神，是东方的亚当和夏娃。

7.5 The intercourse of aliens

 High: 17cm, width: 10cm, thickness: 5.5cm.

It is made of black jade with corrosive gray and golden red skin.

The modeling is two heterosexual aliens to make love. The male’s shape is: big head, golden fish face, a pair of big popping eyes like bulbs, big mouth like fish mouth, flat nose forward, long eyebrows, high cheekbones, ears affixed to the sides of head, ear tip pointed to the rear, two peak-shaped horns on the head. His hands placed on his chest and fingers pointed downward, legs bent, big feet like duck feet, well-developed upper body, slender waist, bulged abdomen, big and long penis stretched to the female’s genital. The female has a petite body, but huge breasts bulged on the chest, smiling handsome face, and her head slightly rose up to look the male’s face, four strands of hair were hung to the back of head,  hands held the male’s glans to put in her vulva, bent legs , big feet like duck’s feet.

From the shape of the two aliens of view, they seem to live in the water; they should be the water aliens. They are the aliens of reproduction, the Eastern Adam and Eve.

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Aquatic animals – 水族生物

六．水族生物

泛红山文化玉群中，水族生物的造型很多，有淡水生物、海洋生物及两栖类生物。这表明泛红山文化区涵盖了部分的沿海地区,  并且从氏族图腾的造型可知其地域范围是从东北亚地区经白令海峡直至美洲的西北部沿岸地区，其中包括了北太平洋的广阔海域。这证明了泛红山文化时期的先民们已经掌握了造船技术和航海的能力。

泛红山文化玉群中，龟、蛙和蝾螈的造型很多，这表明轩辕氏或称天鼋氏（他们以海龟或龟为图腾）和女娲氏（他们以蛙或蝾螈为图腾）是当时强大的氏族，他们分布的地域广阔，包含了沿海和内陆地区。除了一般的鱼类外，玉群中还有人鱼的造型，以及陆地生物与鱼类的融合体，甚至还有外星人骑鲸鱼，龟驮美人鱼等奇特的造型。这些造型使我们有理由猜想，有高智能的类人生物或外星人生活于海洋中。海洋既关系到人类的生存，又关系到人类的文明。

6.  Aquatic animals

There are many modeling of aquatic animal in the Pan-hongshan cultural jade group, such as the freshwater animals, marine animals and amphibian species. This shows that Pan-Hongshan cultural district covered a part of coastal areas, and from the shapes of its clan’s totem, we can see that its geographical range is from Northeast Asia via the Bering Strait until American Northwest coast, including the vast North Pacific rims. This proves that our ancestors already mastered the shipbuilding and marine technology during the Pan-Hongshan cultural period.

Among the Pan-Hongshan jade group many turtles, frogs and salamanders modeling appeared, it shows that Xuanyuan clan or called it Tianyuan clan, which with the turtle or sea turtle as their totem, and the Nuwa clan which with the frog or salamander as their totem were powerful clans; they have wide geographical distribution including coast and inland areas.    Other than the general shapes of fish there are mermaid modeling, and the integrated shapes of terrestrial organisms and fish, and even the exotic modeling of alien riding whale, turtle carrying mermaid and so on in the jade group. These modeling give us reason to suspect that there are intelligent humanoids or aliens living in the ocean. The ocean not only has been relating to the human survival but also has been relating to the human civilization.

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                                               Fig 6.1

 6.1 海龟

长11.5cm，宽9.4cm，龟背高3.2cm，头高4.2cm。

青玉，玉质温润，无杂色，有棕红沁色及蚀斑。

龟呈仰首爬行状，其四肢粗壮，掌指有力，以瓦沟纹饰出。双目呈半球状突起，昂首望天，鼻略上翘，大嘴，短尾呈尖状。龟壳隆起，无纹饰，腹部平光。颈下有一对钻牛鼻穿。此龟造型生动，憨态可掬，刀法简练，曲线流畅。艺术水平与工艺水平都很高。

6.1.         Sea turtle

Length: 11.5cm, width: 9.4cm, high 4.2cm.

The jade is sapphire in light green color, non-variegation, and with corrosive reddish brown markings.

This modeling is a crawling like sea turtle. It has a pair of hemispheric protruding eyes and looking up, stout limbs and metacarpals were decorated with corrugated patterns, slight upturned nose, large mouth, acuminate short tail, convex shell with no decoration, plain abdomen. There is an ox nostril-shaped drilling hole below its neck. This modeling of the sea turtle is lively, lovely, and fine processing. It has high artistic and technological level.

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                                            Fig 6.2

 6.2.蛙

长 5cm，宽 4cm，高 2.2cm。

青玉，棕红沁色，蜡状光泽。

青蛙双目圆凸，视向前方，前腿前伸，后腿弯曲，背上饰三道瓦沟纹。准备跃起捕食状，形象生动。

6.1.         Frog

Length: 5cm, width: 4cm, high: 2.2cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive reddish brown markings，and wax luster.

The shape of the frog modeling is: protruding round eyes, face forward, forelegs reaching, hind legs bending. There are three longitudinal groove patterns decorated on its back. The overall shape of it is preying-like, very lively.

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                                          Fig 6.3

6.3. 鱼

长8.8cm，厚0.5cm。

青玉，褐色沁色。

其造型为一片状游动觅食状之鱼，两面纹饰相同，头部突现一双圆睁大眼睛，张大口。腹背均有鳍，以瓦沟纹饰出。尾下弯，呈蓄势待发状。造型十分生动，颈后有一对钻孔。

6.1.         Fish

Length: 8.8cm, thickness: 0.5cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive brown markings.

The modeling is a flat fish; both sides of it have the same decorations. It is in swimming and preying posture. It shape is: a pair of big opening round eyes, opened mouth, it has fins on the abdomen and back, tail bending inward, it looks like ready to prey on. The style of this modeling is very lively. There is round bifacial drilling hole back of the neck.

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                                            Fig 6.4

6.4. 蛹驮海豹

高5.8cm，宽4cm，厚2cm。

熊胆青玉，棕红沁色。

造型为一海豹立于一蛹背之上，海豹昂首翘尾，尾鰭贴于颈后，双足立于蛹背之上，蛹略呈船形，双目圆凸，尾略上翘。

6.4         Pupa carrying  seal

 High: 5.8cm, width: 4cm, thickness: 2cm.

The jade is in bile color, it has corrosive brown markings.

This modeling is a seal standing on the back of a pupa. The seal shape is: looking upward and upturned tail, the tail bifurcated and affixed to the back of its neck, feet on the back of the pupa. The pupa is slightly boat like, it has convex round eyes, and upturned tail.

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                                         Fig 6.5

6.5.女娲图腾像

长10.4厘米，宽7.5厘米，高10厘米，重630克。

墨绿玉，质优，棕灰色包浆，有蚀斑、蚀孔。

造型为一大蛙背驮一小孩。蛙呈坐姿，后腿前屈，前腿微屈，四肢壮硕，四足大而有力，爪趾分明，内钩支撑于地面。蛙之眉眼高凸，睛珠呈枣核形，鼻端尖凸，大嘴呈“人”字形，两腮隆起。腹部圆凸，脊柱突起，背部饰菱形瓦沟纹。小孩趴伏于蛙背，小臂和双手贴于蛙之头顶，抬头前视，其面部形为：吊梢眼，直鼻，小口，颧骨隆起　下颏前翘，双耳突起于面颊后方，头顶有长方形发髻。此玉饰造型生动，工艺水平很高。女娲氏以蛙为图腾，此造像即是女娲造人的生动写照。

末次冰期的晚期，部分女娲氏族迁徙到美洲的西北部，至今在桑塔把布拉市附近的山上还保留有女娲氏族图腾蛙和蝾螈的岩画。

6.5        The totemic image of Nuwa

Length: 10.4cm, width: 7.5cm, high: 10cm, weight: 630g.

The jade is high quality dark green jade with corrosive brownish gray markings.

The modeling is a big frog carried a small child on its back. The frog is in sitting position, its limbs sturdy, hind legs bended forward, the forelegs slightly bended. It used its large and powerful four claws to support on the ground. Its facial feature is: high convex date kernel-shaped eyes, protruding nose tip, “V”-shaped mouth, bulged cheeks. It has round convex abdomen and protruding spine. Its back was decorated with diamond-shaped tile groove patterns. The child is in kneeling prone posture and putting his arms and hands on the head of the frog, forward looking. His face shape is: slope up eyes, straight nose, small mouth, bulged cheek bones, acuminate chin forward, protruding ears behind the cheeks, and a rectangular bun on the head. This modeling is vivid style, and very high technological level. Goddess Nuwa was the human creator, she is the earliest human mother, and frog or salamander is her clan’s totem. This modeling is a vivid portrayal of Nuwa.

During the Late Last Ice Age period, a part of Nuwa’s ethnic moved to the northwest of America. So far, there are some of Nuwa’s totemic rock arts which are frogs and salamanders on the mountains near by the city Santa Barbara.

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                               Fig 6.6

6.1.龟驮美人鱼

高 13.5cm，龟身长 8.5cm，龟耳宽 5.5cm。

墨玉，有灰皮及朱砂斑。

造型为一龟驮一美人鱼，龟呈行走状，昂首前视。美人鱼尾折向臀部，立于龟背之上，面朝前视，眉目清秀，头发披向背后，双乳丰满，双手置于双乳下方。整体造型生动，充满丰富的想象力。见到它会使人们自然地联想到一个美丽的神话故事。这位美人鱼很可能就是爱斯基摩人传说的海洋女神塞得娜，她是创造北极海洋生物的造物女神，生活在海底。如此生动传奇式的雕塑在世界史前文化中当属首屈一指。

6.6.         Mermaid and turtle

 High: 13.5cm, the length of the turtle: 8.5cm, the width of the turtle: 5.5cm.

The jade is black nephrite with corrosive gray and cinnabar markings.

This modeling is a mermaid standing on a turtle’s back. The turtle is walking like, rising head and looking forward. The shape of the mermaid is woman’s body and fish tail, beauty tail upturn to her buttock and erective body, beautiful face, facing front, hair hang to the back, plump breasts and both hands hold on the bottom of the breasts. The overall shape is vivid and full of rich imagination. It makes people naturally to think of a beautiful fairy tale. This mermaid probably is the sea goddess Sedna in the Eskimo legendry, she is the creator of the Arctic marine creatures, and she lived on the seabed. Such an art modeling was undoubtedly the best in the prehistoric sculptural art.

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昆虫 – Insects

五．昆虫

昆虫是地球上最庞大的生物群。泛红山文化玉群中昆虫的造型也很多，如蝉、蛹、蜜蜂、甲虫、螳螂、蝗虫、蜘蛛、蝎子等。他们是人类赖以生存的生态环境中的重要角色。其中有些昆虫是与人类的生产和生活密切相关的。如蜜蜂传播花粉，制造蜂蜜；甲虫制造肥料，有些甲虫有美丽的外壳，可以美化生活，它们是农业社会必不可缺的；又如当时的人们效仿蜘蛛作网捕鱼，狩猎；蝗虫有超强的繁殖力，蝎子和螳螂有凶猛的武备，这些均令人敬佩，有些氏族以它们作为图腾。

在泛红山文化玉群的昆虫类中，蝉和蝉蛹占有最大的比例。蝉是一种十分特殊的昆虫，它从卵到成虫有14年或17 年的生活史，超过了一般猫、狗的寿命，它一生经历了多次的蜕变，成虫形态美丽、洁净，非一般昆虫可比，人们常将它们比喻作高洁的人品。令人感到惊奇的是在泛红山文化玉群中，蝉常常是与外星生命密切相关的，有很多蝉或蝉蛹与外星生命体的组合或融合造型。这自然会使我们联想到它们是天外来物，笔者在“万古奇珍—泛红山文化玉群”一书中特别提及它。如果我们能破解蝉的秘密，将会使我们在外星生命的探索中有一个重要的突破。

5. Insects

Insects are the largest biota on the earth. There are many kind of insect modeling in the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group; such as cicadas, pupa, bees, beetles, mantis, grasshoppers, spiders, scorpions and so on. They play a very important role in the ecological environment of mankind’s survival. Some of them are closely related to human production and life. Such as bees can pollen and make honey; beetles can make fertilizer, and some beetles have beautiful shell which can be beautify the living, they are the essential for the agricultural society; another examples are when people followed the spider to make net for fishing and hunting; and the locust’s superior fecundity, and the scorpion’s and mantis’s fierce weapons were admired by people, some of clans took them for their totem.

In the Pan-hongshan cultural jade group, cicadas and cicada pupas hold the largest proportion of the insects. Cicadas are very special insects, from egg to adult, their life history has 14 years or 17 years long, longer than the general cats and dog’s life, which life has evolved many times, and the adult’s form is beautiful and smooth, people often likened them to virtuous characters. Surprising is cicadas are often closed related to extraterrestrial life; there are many combination and integration modeling of cicada or cicada pupa in the Pan-hongshan cultural jade group. This naturally makes us to think about that they are come from the heaven. The author specifically mentioned it in the book “The Earliest Miraculous Treasure- Pan-Hongshan Cultural Jade Group”. If we can crack the secret of cicada, it will be a significant breakthrough to explore alien life.

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                                Fig 5.1

5.1. 蝉

长5.3cm，宽4.5cm，厚2.3cm。

青玉，全沁呈棕红沁色，腊状光泽，有蚀斑、蚀孔。

造型为一蝉，双目突起呈蘑菇形，有眼眶，颈部有弦纹，背部有双翅，尾略上翘，腹部隆起，有五道弦纹，口部没有吸针而是一张大口，形似蛙口，口下方有一对钻牛鼻穿。

5.1.         Cicada

 

Length: 5.3cm, width: 4.5cm, thickness: 2.3cm.

The jade is sapphire with reddish brown markings and corrosive pits; it has wax-like luster.

This is a particular cicada modeling. It shape is: convex mushroom-shaped eyes with relief orbit, its neck decorated with relief horizontal lines, wings affixed to its back, tail slightly upturned, belly bulged and decorated five relief lateral lines, no suction needle but a big mouth looks like the frog’s mouth. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole below its mouth.

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                               Fig 5.2

5.2.蛙头蛹

长6cm，最宽2.5cm，厚2cm。

青玉，玉质莹润，棕、红沁色，有蚀斑及蚀孔。沁色很美，蜡状光泽。

其造型为一大头蛹，头形似蛙头，双目自两侧突起，面部向斜下方倾斜，口为圆弧形扁突，有一对阴刻鼻孔，鼻孔上方及头顶均饰有弦纹。身体分四节，逐节变细，身体横断面呈椭圆形，颈下有一对钻牛鼻穿。

5.2         Frog head pup

Length: 6cm, width: 2.5cm, thickness: 2cm.

The jade is high quality sapphire with corrosive reddish brown markings and pits, it has waxy luster.

It is a big head pupa. Its head shape is similar to the frog head, eyes protruding to the sides, slope face, and arc-shaped protrusive mouth, a pair of incised nostrils, the nose and the top of its head were decorated with relief horizontal lines. Its body was divided into four segments and tapering. The cross-section of its body is in oval-shaped. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole beneath its neck for wearing.

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                                      Fig 5.3

5.3 蝗虫

长7cm，宽2.5cm，高3.2cm。

黄玉，玉质温润，有灰皮，棕色沁色。

其造型为一蝗虫，大头，双目圆凸，口为一圆孔，直通颈后，颈后之孔呈椭圆形，其边缘突起。蝗虫弓背，双翅贴于背上；一双大腿呈折角型贴于腹部之两侧，双足支撑于地面；其胸部有一漏斗孔与颈部之椭圆孔相通；若将一绳之两端分别从口及胸部之孔穿入，从颈后椭圆孔穿出，则悬挂时蝗虫身体保持水平。如果用手指堵住其口，从颈后椭圆孔吹入气流，则会发出尖锐的响声，可用做口哨。此蝗虫整体造型生动可爱，构思奇巧。

5.3       Locust

Length: 7cm, width: 2.5cm, high: 3,2cm.

The jade is high quality topaz with corrosive brownish gray markings.

The locust shape is: big head, round convex eyes, the mouth is a hole; there is an oval-shaped hole back of the neck connected with the mouth, its edges protruding. The locust back arched, wings affixed to the back; a pair of angular legs affixed to the abdomen, both feet sported on the ground. There is a funnel-shaped hole on its chest connected with the neck hole; if put the two ends of a thread in the holes on the chest and the mouth and penetrated out from the hole back of neck, then the body can be hoisted, and keep the body in level. If you use your finger to block its mouth, blowing air from the elliptical hole back of the neck, it will emit a sharp sound, can be used as whistles. The overall shape of the locust is lively and cleverly designed.

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                                             Fig 5.4

5.4.甲虫

长12cm，宽5cm，厚3cm。

灰绿玉，质优。生坑，表面尚有土斑。棕、黑、黄等沁色。蜡状光泽，是罕见之美玉。

其造型为一甲虫，其头、胸部较小，双目圆凸，朝天，眼后突起三道弦纹。一对前肢很壮，双足伸向头前面合拢，爪趾外撇，细腰大肚，背部有双翅，背部中间突起一脊棱。尾端上翘，胸腹部平光，无纹饰。两足间有一对钻圆孔。整体造型生动，加工精细，光洁度很高。

5.4.    Beetle

Length: 12cm, width: 5cm, thickness: 3cm.

The jade is high quality celadon with corrosive brown, black and yellow markings, and waxy luster. It is rare quality jade.

The beetle shape is: the head and chest smaller, round convex eyes facing up, there are three relief horizontal lines behind the eyes, a pair of very strong forelimbs stretching forward, the claws together formed V-shape, slender waist, big belly, wings on the back, there is a protruding ridge on the middle of the back, and the tail upturned. There is a drilling hole between the front legs, no decorations on the chest and abdomen. The overall shape of the modeling is vivid, fine processing and high quality finished.

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                                Fig 5.5

                                      

5.5.外星人亲蝉                      

长8.5cm，高3cm，宽3cm。

墨玉，玉质温润，蜡状光泽，有灰皮。

其造型为一猪头外星人，跪卧姿，双臂前伸，双手握于一蝉的两侧，与蝉亲吻。猪头外星人的头形与猪龙相似，双目大而圆突，头顶生一双半环状大耳，噘嘴，翘鼻，鼻孔朝前，小腿后伸，脚心向上。蝉形简化，只饰出一双圆突的大目和双翅，蝉的下方有一对钻牛鼻穿。此外星人造型生动、有趣。此造像显示此类外星人与蝉之关系密切。

5.5         Alien kisses cicada

Length: 8.5cm, high: 3cm, width: 3cm.

This jade is black jade, waxy luster, and with corrosive gray markings.

The modeling is an alien with a pig head in kneeling prone posture, arms reached to hold a cicada and kissing with it. The alien’s head is similar to the pig dragon’s head; it has large round convex eyes, a pair of big semi- circular shaped ears, pouting mouth, upturned nose and nostrils forward. The cicada’s shape is simplified, only a pair of big round eyes and wings. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole at the bottom of the cicada. The style of this modeling is lively and interesting. This statue showed the intimate relationship between some kind of alien and the cicada.

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Various bird models – 各種鳥的造型

                                           三．  各種鳥的造型

泛红山文化玉群中有多种鸟类的造型，其中以鹰与鸮的数量最大。由此可知，以鹰与鸮为图腾的氏族很强大，并且分布地域广阔。鹰和鸮是太昊、少昊族的图腾，也是东夷族的主图腾，他们主要分布于现在的中国的东北部和贝加尔湖地区。在末次冰期晚期他们跨越白令海峡到达美洲的西北部。在新时期时期他们是中国东部沿海地区的文明的重要创始者。

3.  Various bird modeling

There is a variety of jade birds in the Pan-hongshan cultural jade group; the largest number of them are the eagles and the owls. From this, we know that the clan with the eagle or owl as their totem were very strong and had a broad geographic distribution.  Eagle and owl is the Taihao and Shaohao family totem, and the main totem of the Dong Yi nationality. They mainly distributed in northeast China and the Lake Baikal region. In the late Last Ice Age, they had reached the northwest America across the Bering Strait. During the Neolithic period, they were important founders of civilization in the China’s southeast coast area.

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Fig 3.1

3.1 鹰

高14cm，宽14cm，厚4.2cm，重1080g。

全沁, 呈深红色, 间有棕、黄沁色斑斓色彩，表面有蚀斑。

其造型为一立姿展翅之鹰，双目呈球冠状突起，尖喙，饰有阴刻鼻孔。双翅贴于身体两侧，其上饰瓦沟纹，隐起三道圆折纹骨架。肩部耸起呈展翅欲飞状，腹部隆起，双足置于小腹前，以浮雕饰出鹰爪，尾翼呈折扇形，饰瓦沟纹。背面以压地及打洼法饰出双翅，无其它纹饰。颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。              泛红山文化玉群中此类造型的鹰很多，此鷹的造型是泛紅山文化玉群中最普遍的鷹的造型，它是東夷族重要的氏族图腾。此鹰体量较大，造型端庄，做工严谨，应属氏族首领代表权势之器。

  3.1. Eagle

High: 14cm, width: 14cm, thickness: 4.2cm, weight: 1080g.

The jade is full covered by corrosive dark red color with yellowish brown markings.

Its shape is a standing eagle with slightly spreading wings. It has hemispheric protruding eyes, sharp beak decorated with incised nostrils. There are corrugate patterns decorated on wings. Abdomen bulged, feet placed on the lower abdomen; the tail is in folding fan-shape. There is an ox nostrils-shaped hole back of its neck.

This is common shape of jade eagle in the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group; it is an important clan’s totem of East Yi Nationality. This large and beautiful jade eagle should belong to the clan’s leader on behalf of his power.

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                        FIG 3.2

3.2. 鸮

高5.3cm，宽4cm，厚1.8cm。

青玉，质优，棕、黄、红沁色。有蚀斑、蚀孔。

造型为一立姿鴞。大头，小身，面部只有一双环状大目，睛珠圆凸。双耳及羽冠呈倒三角形，呈棕红色，像是一顶棕红色的帽子，可谓巧沁。胸部有一对乳房，双足健劲，背生双翅，翅上饰蕉叶纹，似蝉翅。

此鴞造型生动，表现手法夸张，表现了作者敏锐的观察力和艺术的想象力。此鴞突现了一对乳房表明她是母系社会鴞氏族图腾。

3.2. Owl

High: 5.3cm, width: 4cm, thickness: 1.8cm.

The jade is high quality sapphire with corrosive red, brown and yellow markings.

It is a standing owl modeling. Its shape is: big head, small body, a pair of large circular eyes covered whole face, and the round eye beads protruding.  The crest is in inverted triangle-shape with brownish red color, it looks like a big beautiful hat with natural color, a pair of breasts on the chest, wings on the back, powerful feet. There is an ox nostril-shaped drilling hole back of its neck.

This jade owl is in vivid style with the exaggerated performance practices, it showed the keen observation and rich imagination of art of the maker. Because a pair of breasts of the owl was highlighted, so it was an owl clan totem of matriarchal society.

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FIG 3.3

3.3. 鹰

长5cm，宽4.8cm，厚2cm。

青玉，棕、灰沁色，有蚀斑。

其造型为一俯冲姿态之鹰。一双大目呈半球状突起，尖喙下弯。双翼后展，尾翼上翘，双足收于小腹部，呈俯冲猎食状。尾翼以打洼法饰折扇纹，背部平光，鹰之喙部有一对钻孔。

此鹰造型十分生动，是高水平的艺术品，在良渚文化玉器中也有与此相似的鹰的片状玉器。这表明良渚文化玉器也受到泛红山文化玉器的影响。

 

3.3. Eagle

Length: 5cm, width: 4.8cm, thickness: 2cm.

The jade is sapphire with corrosive brownish-gray markings.

The eagle is in diving posture. It has a pair of hemispheric protruding eyes, a bending downward sharp beak. Its wings spread backward, tail wing upturned, and feet affixed to abdomen. It looks like a diving predator. There are folding fan patterns decorated on its tail feathers and a hole drilling from both sides of its beak.

This eagle is very lively style and high level of art. There are some similar shapes of jade eagles among the Liangzhu Cultural jade pieces; it indicated that the Liangzhu culture was by the influence of Pan-Hongshan culture.

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                               FIG 3.4

3.4. 凤鸟背珠

长6.7cm，高3.8cm，厚2.5cm。

灰绿玉，玉质莹润，有灰皮及蚀斑，棕红沁色。

其造型为一长尾立姿凤鸟，其双翅卷起一玉珠置于背上。凤头朝前，双目圆突，尖喙内弯，胸部隆起，左右双翅各饰有两道一面坡纹饰表示羽毛；尾翼呈波纹状拖于地面，其上以打洼法饰出尾羽纹。玉珠为腰鼓形，中间有对钻直孔。此玉凤造型优美，加工技巧高超，是泛红山文化玉群中之珍品。值得注意的是流行于西周的一面坡技法始于泛红山文化玉器。顺便提一下，腰鼓形玉珠在泛红山文化期间和玉猪龙一样是极为普遍的吉祥物和护身符，它超越了人类的界限，遍及动物界以及外星生命。

3.4. Phoenix with a bead carrying

Length: 6.7cm, high: 3.8cm, thickness: 2.5cm.

It is celadon jade with corrosive reddish brown markings.

This is a long tail phoenix in standing posture and with a bead which was hold by its curly wings on the back. Its shape is: face forward, eyes convex, sharp beak bending downward, chest uplift, both left and right wings decorated by corrugated patterns, wave-shaped tail wing dragging on the ground. The bead is in waist drum-shaped with a lateral straight drilling hole.

This jade phoenix is in beautiful style with superb processing techniques. It is a treasure of Pan-Hongshan culture. It is noteworthy that the “one side slope” jade-making techniques that popular in West Zhou Dynasty began in Pan-Hongshan cultural period. By the way, during the pan-hongshan cultural period, the waist drum shaped beads just as the pig-dragon were the most popular mascots and amulets, they have gone beyond the limits of human life throughout the animal kingdom so as to aliens.

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FIG 3.5

3.5.鹰、龟组合佩

   高6cm，宽2cm，厚3cm。

灰绿玉，棕红沁色，有灰皮。

造型为一鹰立于一龟壳之上。鹰的双目圆凸，双翅贴于身体侧后，尾翼上捲，腹部圆凸。龟壳由上下两半合成，上半龟壳两端略上翘，两半中间有对钻漏斗孔。鹰之颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。这种组合佩有联合氏族图腾的寓意。

 

3.5. Eagle and Turtle combinative ornament

High: 6cm, width: 2cm, thickness: 3cm.

It is celadon jade with corrosive reddish brown color.

It is a combinative modeling; its shape is an eagle standing on a turtle shell. The eagle’s shape is: round convex eyes, wings affixed to its back, upturned tail, bulged belly. The turtle shell is a synthetic from the upper and lower two parts, there is a straight hole between them drilled from both ends, and in funnel-shape at its both ends. The upper shell slightly upturned at both ends. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole back of the eagle’s neck. This combinative ornament has the connotation of the joined clan totem.

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宗教人物 – Religious figures

宗教人物：

下面我们介绍三件与原始宗教礼仪相关的人物造型：

Religious figures:

Here we introduce three figures associated with original religious rituals:

Fig 1.3

1.3      长耳垂人

高19.5cm，宽12cm，厚9cm ，重2.1kg。

青玉，玉质温润，全沁呈棕红色。

其造型为一高大魁伟之双手合十长耳垂人，呈蹲式，双手

合十于胸前。头部造型与南宋杭州飞来峰石刻布袋弥勒相

似，环目，蒜头鼻，嘴角上弯，满面笑容，大耳垂肩，一

副欢快慈祥的面孔。整体造型生动，比例适度，对称性

好，加工洗练。泛红山文化玉器中出现类似布袋弥勒之造

型，向人们揭示了原始宗教神秘的传承性。此件玉器为研

究泛红山文化的原始宗教提供了重要的实物资料。

《山海经》中有关于“聂耳国”的记载，聂耳国人有拉长耳朵的习俗，

这一习俗曾扩散到太平洋周边的一些地区，如法属破里尼西亚群岛，

复活节岛等地。这些地区的原住民至今还保持这个习俗。顺便告诉你

一个小秘密：经常拉捏耳朵真的有利于健康。

1.3     Man with long ear lobes

High: 19.5cm, width: 12cm, thickness: 9cm, weight: 2.1kg.

The jade is in good quality, green in color with reddish brown markings.

The modeling is a tall burly man, squatting likes. He has a pair of long ear lobes, his palms facing together in front, his head shape just like the Maitreya Buddha in Buddhism, lips curved, smiling like, and large lobes drooped on shoulder, a happy face with compassion. The overall shape is vivid, moderate proportion, symmetry good and refined.

The similar image of the Maitreya Buddha occurred in the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group revealed the mystery of the original religions inheritance. This jade statue is an important practical material for studying the primitive religion.

“Shan Hai Jing” classics has recorded the old country named Nie Er, stretching ears was a particular custom in that country, this custom had spread many parts of the Pacific rim, such as the French Polynesia, Easter Island and other regions, the indigenous people of these regions have been remaining the custom. By the way, tell you a little secret: elongating ears is rally conducive to health.

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Fig 1.4

1.4   盘坐姿女子

高7cm，宽2.5cm，厚1.5cm。

青玉，玉质莹润，有红色沁色。

其造型为一女子，盘坐，双手合十贴于胸前，大头、大

眼，眼梢上挑，扁鼻，闭口，短发披散于耳边，颈后有一

对钻牛鼻穿。整体造型为一盘坐修练的女子，亦或是一尊

女神像。此造像证明盘坐修练姿势并非始于佛教，原始宗

教已有。《山海经》中有“交胫国》的记载，交胫即是

两小腿交叉的盘坐姿，是原始宗教中祭拜的姿势。

1.4    Woman in cross-leg sitting posture

High: 7cm, width: 2.5cm, thickness: 1.5cm.

The jade is in good quality, green in color with red markings, waxy luster.

The modeling is a cross-leg sitting woman, her palms facing together to put front of her chest. She has big head, big eyes, and flat nose.  Her eyes slope upward, short hair spread by the ears. There is an ox-nostril-shaped hole back of her neck. The overall shape is a practice woman or a goddess statue. From this statue we know that this practice style not started from Buddhist, it began with primitive religion.  There is a “cross-shin state” recorded in <Shan Hai Jing> classics, “cross-shin” means sitting and two shanks in cross-shaped posture, it is the practical posture in primitive religion.

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Fig 1.5

1.5 巫师

高6cm，宽2cm，厚2cm。

熊胆青玉，有灰皮及棕红沁色。

造型为一立姿巫师，两眼望天，双手合于脑前，掌心向

外。身着长衫，腰下系一玉鹰，朝向正面。颈后有一对钻牛

鼻穿。

巫师腰下饰鹰，表示鹰是他的氏族图腾。值得注意的是在

良渚文化玉器中也有与此相似的巫师造像，这显示了原始宗教的传承。

1.5   Wizard

High: 6cm, width: 2cm, thickness: 2cm.

The jade is in dark green color, gray skin covered, and reddish brown markings.

It is a standing shaman modeling. His eyes slope upward; hands closed together and put on his chest, palms facing outward. He wore a long gown; a jade eagle was hung on his waist, back of his neck with an ox-nostril hole. The eagle he wore is his clan’s totem. It is noteworthy that there was the similar shaman statue to this one in Liangzhu cultural jade works; it shows the inheritance of the primitive religion.

关于原始宗教的传承：

从以上三件原始宗教的人物造型，我们知道现代的很多宗教礼仪源自末次冰期时期的原始宗教。由于原始氏族社会人们的一切社会活动都是与原始宗教密切相关的，原始宗教是原始氏族社会的领导核心，也是文化中心，集中地体现了当时的文化水平和文明层次，所以原始宗教对后世的传承不仅是宗教礼仪的传承，更重要的是文化的传承。末次冰期的晚期我们人类在世界上很多地区创建过文明，这些文明不幸被末次冰期结束时的巨大自然灾难所毁灭，但很多文明因素传承到新石器时期，这种传承的重要媒介即是原始宗教。

Above primitive religious heritages:

From the above three figures we know that many modern religious rituals from the Last Glacial primitive religion. Since all of the people’s social activities were closely related to the primitive religion in the original community. The original religion was the core of the leadership and the cultural center in the primitive clan society, it epitomized the then levels of the culture and civilization, so original religious heritages for future generations were not only a religious ritual tradition, more important were the cultural heritages. During the Late Last Ice Age our humans had created civilization in many places in the world, these civilized regions unfortunately were destroyed by the huge disasters in the end of the Last Ice Age, but many civilized factors had been passed to the Neolithic period, the important medium of the heritage was the original religion.

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Portraits of human or gods – 人、神造像

人、神造像

 

人像或神像 在考古学和艺术史上均占有极重要的地位。因为它们为我们了解古代社会提供了较其它艺术形式更强的和更直观的文化信息。

泛红山文化玉群中有大量的人、神造型，这是它较其它的考古文化最突出的特点。这些造像直接关系到当时原始宗教中的各种崇拜，如祖先崇拜、图腾崇拜、神灵崇拜等。因为泛红山文化时期是母系社会，故母祖的造像很多。以下两件即是泛红山文化玉群中最为普遍的母祖造型。与图腾崇拜和神灵崇拜相关的各种造像我们将会陆续发表。

Portraits of human or gods

The portraits of human or gods are all in a very important position in archaeology and art history. Because of they provide stronger and more intuitive cultural information for us to understand ancient society than other art forms.

There are a large number of the statues of human and gods, in the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group which is the most prominent feature than other archaeological cultures. These statues were directly related to the various worships in the original religion, such as ancestor worship, worship of totem and worship of the gods. Because the Pan-Hongshan cultural period was in a matriarchal society, so there were many statues of ancestress. The following two pieces were the most common ancestress modeling in the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group. And variety of statues related to the totem worship and gods worship we will continue to publish.

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图1.1

 

1.1     母祖    

高8cm，宽3.2cm，厚2.5cm。

灰玉，玉质温润，蜡状光泽，表面大部分有黑色沁色，像

是黑漆皮，俗称水银沁黑漆古。

其造型为一仰卧姿孕妇，双腿并拢，微屈，脚尖朝上，双

臂上举，贴于头部两侧，双手交叉于头顶；其面部只简略

地用打洼法饰出了双目与口，着重突现了丰满的双乳与隆

起的腹部与臀部；头顶上方两手交叉处有一对钻圆孔。这

件母祖是泛红山玉群中母祖的普遍造型。它与在法国、意

大利等国家发现的最后一次冰期的母祖石雕造像有异曲同

工之妙，都是突显了孕妇的生育部位。

1.1. Ancestress

High: 8 cm, width: 3.2 cm, thickness: 2.5 cm.

Jade is in good quality; waxy luster; most of the surface is black, commonly known as mercury penetrated or ancient black lacquer.

The shape is a pregnant woman in lying position. Her legs close together and flexed, toes upward, arms lift to the head, hands folded on top of head. Only eyes and mouth were showed on the face, but focus on highlighting the plump breasts and the bulged abdomen and buttocks. There is a bifacial drilling hole on the top of the head. This statue is the common form of the ancestress in the Pan-Hongshan jade group. It has the same characteristics with the simultaneous ancestress images which discovered from France, Italy, etc, all of the statues are highlighted of the female reproductive parts.

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               图1.2

1.2    母祖

高4.8 cm。

全沁呈棕红色，有灰皮，配带数月后，灰皮退去，身体后

部呈鲜红及棕红色彩，蜡状光泽，面部、乳房及膝部变为

半透明黄绿色，十分美丽。

人物造型为一哺乳母亲形象，呈屈蹲状，双手揹于脑后，

五官皆以压地隐起法饰出。造型端庄清秀，眼角略上挑，

颧骨较高，鼻直，鼻翼较小，小口略前噘。耳未饰出，一

缕长发披于脑后，脑后有一对钻牛鼻穿。

泛红山文化玉群中这种造型为母亲形象很多，应该是当时

受到人们尊重的母祖造型。

1.2. Ancestress

High: 4.8cm.

Most of surface is in reddish brown color, waxy luster. The face, breasts and knees are translucent and in yellow-green color. The whole body is in beautiful multicolor.

 

The modeling is an image of nursing mother, squatting likes, hands on the back of head, beautiful face. The facial features were decorated in bas-relief. Her long hair hung at the back. An ox-nostril shaped hole was perforated behind her head.

There are many ancestress images similar to this female image in the Pan-Hongshan jade group, this ancestress image should be the common worship of ancestress idol at that time.

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