三． 各種鳥的造型
泛红山文化玉群中有多种鸟类的造型，其中以鹰与鸮的数量最大。由此可知，以鹰与鸮为图腾的氏族很强大，并且分布地域广阔。鹰和鸮是太昊、少昊族的图腾，也是东夷族的主图腾，他们主要分布于现在的中国的东北部和贝加尔湖地区。在末次冰期晚期他们跨越白令海峡到达美洲的西北部。在新时期时期他们是中国东部沿海地区的文明的重要创始者。
3. Various bird modeling
There is a variety of jade birds in the Pan-hongshan cultural jade group; the largest number of them are the eagles and the owls. From this, we know that the clan with the eagle or owl as their totem were very strong and had a broad geographic distribution. Eagle and owl is the Taihao and Shaohao family totem, and the main totem of the Dong Yi nationality. They mainly distributed in northeast China and the Lake Baikal region. In the late Last Ice Age, they had reached the northwest America across the Bering Strait. During the Neolithic period, they were important founders of civilization in the China’s southeast coast area.
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Fig 3.1
3.1 鹰
高14cm，宽14cm，厚4.2cm，重1080g。
全沁, 呈深红色, 间有棕、黄沁色斑斓色彩，表面有蚀斑。
其造型为一立姿展翅之鹰，双目呈球冠状突起，尖喙，饰有阴刻鼻孔。双翅贴于身体两侧，其上饰瓦沟纹，隐起三道圆折纹骨架。肩部耸起呈展翅欲飞状，腹部隆起，双足置于小腹前，以浮雕饰出鹰爪，尾翼呈折扇形，饰瓦沟纹。背面以压地及打洼法饰出双翅，无其它纹饰。颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。 泛红山文化玉群中此类造型的鹰很多，此鷹的造型是泛紅山文化玉群中最普遍的鷹的造型，它是東夷族重要的氏族图腾。此鹰体量较大，造型端庄，做工严谨，应属氏族首领代表权势之器。
3.1. Eagle
High: 14cm, width: 14cm, thickness: 4.2cm, weight: 1080g.
The jade is full covered by corrosive dark red color with yellowish brown markings.
Its shape is a standing eagle with slightly spreading wings. It has hemispheric protruding eyes, sharp beak decorated with incised nostrils. There are corrugate patterns decorated on wings. Abdomen bulged, feet placed on the lower abdomen; the tail is in folding fan-shape. There is an ox nostrils-shaped hole back of its neck.
This is common shape of jade eagle in the Pan-Hongshan cultural jade group; it is an important clan’s totem of East Yi Nationality. This large and beautiful jade eagle should belong to the clan’s leader on behalf of his power.
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FIG 3.2
3.2. 鸮
高5.3cm，宽4cm，厚1.8cm。
青玉，质优，棕、黄、红沁色。有蚀斑、蚀孔。
造型为一立姿鴞。大头，小身，面部只有一双环状大目，睛珠圆凸。双耳及羽冠呈倒三角形，呈棕红色，像是一顶棕红色的帽子，可谓巧沁。胸部有一对乳房，双足健劲，背生双翅，翅上饰蕉叶纹，似蝉翅。
此鴞造型生动，表现手法夸张，表现了作者敏锐的观察力和艺术的想象力。此鴞突现了一对乳房表明她是母系社会鴞氏族图腾。
3.2. Owl
High: 5.3cm, width: 4cm, thickness: 1.8cm.
The jade is high quality sapphire with corrosive red, brown and yellow markings.
It is a standing owl modeling. Its shape is: big head, small body, a pair of large circular eyes covered whole face, and the round eye beads protruding. The crest is in inverted triangle-shape with brownish red color, it looks like a big beautiful hat with natural color, a pair of breasts on the chest, wings on the back, powerful feet. There is an ox nostril-shaped drilling hole back of its neck.
This jade owl is in vivid style with the exaggerated performance practices, it showed the keen observation and rich imagination of art of the maker. Because a pair of breasts of the owl was highlighted, so it was an owl clan totem of matriarchal society.
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FIG 3.3
3.3. 鹰
长5cm，宽4.8cm，厚2cm。
青玉，棕、灰沁色，有蚀斑。
其造型为一俯冲姿态之鹰。一双大目呈半球状突起，尖喙下弯。双翼后展，尾翼上翘，双足收于小腹部，呈俯冲猎食状。尾翼以打洼法饰折扇纹，背部平光，鹰之喙部有一对钻孔。
此鹰造型十分生动，是高水平的艺术品，在良渚文化玉器中也有与此相似的鹰的片状玉器。这表明良渚文化玉器也受到泛红山文化玉器的影响。
3.3. Eagle
Length: 5cm, width: 4.8cm, thickness: 2cm.
The jade is sapphire with corrosive brownish-gray markings.
The eagle is in diving posture. It has a pair of hemispheric protruding eyes, a bending downward sharp beak. Its wings spread backward, tail wing upturned, and feet affixed to abdomen. It looks like a diving predator. There are folding fan patterns decorated on its tail feathers and a hole drilling from both sides of its beak.
This eagle is very lively style and high level of art. There are some similar shapes of jade eagles among the Liangzhu Cultural jade pieces; it indicated that the Liangzhu culture was by the influence of Pan-Hongshan culture.
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FIG 3.4
3.4. 凤鸟背珠
长6.7cm，高3.8cm，厚2.5cm。
灰绿玉，玉质莹润，有灰皮及蚀斑，棕红沁色。
其造型为一长尾立姿凤鸟，其双翅卷起一玉珠置于背上。凤头朝前，双目圆突，尖喙内弯，胸部隆起，左右双翅各饰有两道一面坡纹饰表示羽毛；尾翼呈波纹状拖于地面，其上以打洼法饰出尾羽纹。玉珠为腰鼓形，中间有对钻直孔。此玉凤造型优美，加工技巧高超，是泛红山文化玉群中之珍品。值得注意的是流行于西周的一面坡技法始于泛红山文化玉器。顺便提一下，腰鼓形玉珠在泛红山文化期间和玉猪龙一样是极为普遍的吉祥物和护身符，它超越了人类的界限，遍及动物界以及外星生命。
3.4. Phoenix with a bead carrying
Length: 6.7cm, high: 3.8cm, thickness: 2.5cm.
It is celadon jade with corrosive reddish brown markings.
This is a long tail phoenix in standing posture and with a bead which was hold by its curly wings on the back. Its shape is: face forward, eyes convex, sharp beak bending downward, chest uplift, both left and right wings decorated by corrugated patterns, wave-shaped tail wing dragging on the ground. The bead is in waist drum-shaped with a lateral straight drilling hole.
This jade phoenix is in beautiful style with superb processing techniques. It is a treasure of Pan-Hongshan culture. It is noteworthy that the “one side slope” jade-making techniques that popular in West Zhou Dynasty began in Pan-Hongshan cultural period. By the way, during the pan-hongshan cultural period, the waist drum shaped beads just as the pig-dragon were the most popular mascots and amulets, they have gone beyond the limits of human life throughout the animal kingdom so as to aliens.
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FIG 3.5
3.5.鹰、龟组合佩
高6cm，宽2cm，厚3cm。
灰绿玉，棕红沁色，有灰皮。
造型为一鹰立于一龟壳之上。鹰的双目圆凸，双翅贴于身体侧后，尾翼上捲，腹部圆凸。龟壳由上下两半合成，上半龟壳两端略上翘，两半中间有对钻漏斗孔。鹰之颈后有一对钻牛鼻穿。这种组合佩有联合氏族图腾的寓意。
3.5. Eagle and Turtle combinative ornament
High: 6cm, width: 2cm, thickness: 3cm.
It is celadon jade with corrosive reddish brown color.
It is a combinative modeling; its shape is an eagle standing on a turtle shell. The eagle’s shape is: round convex eyes, wings affixed to its back, upturned tail, bulged belly. The turtle shell is a synthetic from the upper and lower two parts, there is a straight hole between them drilled from both ends, and in funnel-shape at its both ends. The upper shell slightly upturned at both ends. There is an ox nostril-shaped hole back of the eagle’s neck. This combinative ornament has the connotation of the joined clan totem.
Pan Hong Shan Jade (泛红山文化) 